

TA['(iHT 15 V .M KAXS OF 


MAP DRAWING 

TEACHERS’ EDITION 

— FOI{ — 

MAP DRAWING ROOKS OF THE CONTINENTS, MAP DRAWING 
ROOKS OF THE UNITED STATES: AND ALSO A 

TEXT-BOOK 

FOR Tilt: USE OF TEACHERS IX PREPARING FOR TEACHERS' EXAMINATIONS. 
REGENTS’ EXAMINATIONS AND ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONS 
GIVEN IN NORMAL SCHOOLS 

FLM 
2015 
112277 


By EVA WILKINS 



SYRACUSE, N. Y. 

C. W. BAUDKEN, PUBEISHER 

1898 


LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. | 






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DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY 


TAUGHT BY MEANS OF 


MAP DRAWING 

TEACHERS’ EDITION 

— FOR — 

MAP DRAWING BOOKS OF THE CONTINENTS, MAP DRAWING 
BOOKS OF THE UNITED STATES: AND ALSO A 


TEXT-BOOK 






.(P 


A> FOR THE USE OF TEACHERS IN PREPARING FOR TEACHERS’ EXAMINATIONS. 
REGENTS’ EXAMINATIONS AND ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONS 
GIVEN IN NORAIAL SCHOOLS 



By EVA WILKINS 



c. 


SYRACUSE, N. Y. 

W. BARDEEN, PUBLISHER 
1893 


ff'h 21 1893 


/ 


Copyright, 1893, by C. W. Bardeen. 








MAP DRAWING. 


HE design of the books, Map Drawing-book of the Continents and Map Draw- 



X ing-book of the United States, is to use map drawing as a simple and thor- 
ough means of learning Descriptive Geography. 

Some reasons why this method has been successful are, because the pupils 
learn by seeing and doing, they learn in class as well as tell what they have 
learned, and they all work during all the time of recitation. Also a judicious selection 
from a mass of material is foimd to produce a much better result than to present 
a mass and then make a selection. The teacher, relieved from the necessity of 
driving through, may have leisure to give special lessons on places brought into 
prominence by public interest, or to give composition work on the great cities or 
on some country of historic interest. A suggestion that newspaper cuttings re- 
ferring to the geography work would be acceptable will bring in an embar- 
rassing amount of material. An exploring party has been followed through its 
wanderings by the cuttings brought into the class by a few bright little people. 
Then it is not an unimportant point that pupils may justly be held to perfect ac- 
curacy in spelling. 

The introductory work having been completed as suggested in the introduc- 
tion to the books* the pupils are ready for map drawing as a means of learning 
the matter in a book. 

* ” The work in Descriptive Geography begins with the oral lessons now given in most primary de- 
partments. These lessons give points of the compass and other necessary introductory work ; also drawing 
of the school room, village and county. A map of the neighborhood or, in city schools, of the principal 
streets of the city, is given, and this part of the work is completed by a map of the State.” 



4 teachers’ manual of map dhawing. 


Beginning with a continent — South America perhaps as simplest in form — 
from a map of the world pupils are led to observe position and anything else that 
can be observed, and all that is already known about the continent is collected. 
Have an assistant in every pupil. Do not burden the class with an enforced 
learning of new names at first; they are systematically learned after the construc- 
tion lines and coast lines have been given. 

Before drawing, the teacher decides on a scale for her own map on the board. 
This depends on the size of the board— arrange for Asia, and of course the board 
will hold the other continents drawn on the same scale (three or four inches to 
represent six hundred miles is the usual size). Do not change the scale w'hile 
drawing the continents unless Europe be crowded ; then enlarge and have pupils 
clearly understand the change in scale. It is enlarged in the book, one measure 
representing 400 miles. Better have the construction lines and coast lines drawn 
several times before beginning the location of places, for practice, and have sev- 
eral copies on hand in case of accident. The pupils will wear the paper out on 
their first coast lines. Let them have all the time they need ; they master Asia 
in less than one-half the time given to the simpler map of South America and 
are unconscious that the rate has been increased. T he teacher s map rein.ains on 
the board until the continent is finished, and is the source of supplies; new work 
is added to it from day to day, the numbering for previous day being erased to 
prevent the pupils from learning places by number. Review from the first each 
day after the naming of places has begun. 

Finishing the continents, the States are studied singly or in groups. If a 
group be drawn, draw the State to be first learned alone, the name written above ; 
learn it, and then add another. The pupils will not then confuse the States of 
the group. As in giving the continents the first work is given very slowly, pre- 
ceded by a drill on the use of the ruler to insure accuracy, rapidity, and a clear 
understanding of the number of miles represented by each measurement. In a 



GENERAL SUGGESTIONS. 6 


perfect recitation in map dictation, each direction would be given but once, and not a 
question asked of the teacher. Approval of all improvement in this direction will 
accomplish this result in a few recitations. Avoid the copying of work in advance 
of the dictation and the necessity of repeating directions, by putting down the 
length of a measurement or the number of a part after the direction has been 
given. The thorough, animated drill which follows the taking of new work is 
a greater test of the teacher’s ability than the dictation. By returning always to 
a pupil who has failed on a question all may be perfect on the lesson of the pre- 
vious day, or of several days on the States, or of the back work of a continent, 
before new work is taken. A review with no maps before the class must fre- 
quently be given — also reviews, oral and written, to cultivate clearness and accu- 
racy in expression. Pupils with no talent for drawing must not be discouraged 
by high marking being given to pretty maps, because a careful attention to direc- 
tions and perfect accuracy in measurement will insure the necessary degree of 
excellence. 

It is expected that the United States book will furnish an outline of work 
for one year — not several attempts that simply dull the interest, but a year of 
fresh lessons, that will leave each pupil with a good knowledge of his own coun- 
try acquired in so natural a manner that examination worries shall have had no 
part in accomplishing this result. 

LKSSON ON ALABAMA. 

(Map given with other States.) 

As a State is given the same as a continent the method for both can be illus- 
trated by noting the order of giving a State — Alabama for example. 

Lead pupils to notice its position, boundaries, natural and artificial, from a 
map of the United States, which hangs before the class always when advanced 
work is being given. The directions of the rivers indicate the surface. From 



6 teachers’ manual of map drawing. 


their knowledge of climate and productions of other southern States pupils will 
have some knowledge of these points in Alabama. The teacher may specify 
the rich cotton belt of the central part, the fruits, corn, and lumlier of the south- 
ern part, and the minerals — coal, iron, white marble, and granite of the north. 
No one pupil will retain all, but among them they will get it, and reproduce the 
material for each other in the drill to come until all have it. The Chattahoochee 
river was taken with Georgia. Notice the Tennessee, Ijecause its’ source and 
mouth are without the State — trace its entire course. When all the States in 
which a river appears have been given, give out a review question like — Describe 
the Ohio river from source to mouth, giving something about the cities on its 
banks and describe its tributaries. Almost all the matter given in the United 
States can be reviewed by these river questions. This much is an introduction 
to an intelligent drawing of the State. 

Dictation : Represent the northern boundary line by an entire line f m. in 
length. Bisect this line and drop a perpendicular construction line (dotted, in 
giving the States ; entire in continents) If m. in length. 1 + m. (a little 
more than one tV more in this case) from upper extremity of construction line, 
place point toward the right \ m., the left, ^ — m., draw construction line; from 
right extremity place point i m. above, and connect with first boundary line ; 
place point i + m. below and draw entire line f m. toward the left. From lower 
extremity of first construction line draw' dotted line ^ — m. (iV) toward left, 
connect points for western boundary lines — pupils get upper point by sight. 
Complete outline of State. 

Connect points when possible and get slant of lines by interior right angles. 
It takes no extra time to dictate a map with accurate measurements, but it is 
expected that the pupil willj at least in States, have access to copy in reproduc- 
ing maps, the object being to learn geography, not lines. 



GENERAL SUGGESTIONS. 


7 


Begin the location of rivers, etc., in order given in book; point out and num- 
ber (if teacher’s map be drawn before recitation); pupils draw; teacher names 
and writes name, properly classified, on board, until all advance work has been 
given; pupils study from board a few minutes ; then names are erased and a re- 
view of new work begins. / 

The lesson, always something given out, depends upon circumstances, and it 
may be more convenient to have maps giving satisfaction copied into books once 
a week. The distance from edge of paper must be given before pupils begin to 
draw. Rivers not rising in the State must project beyond the boundary and 
coast lines and rivers made to appear distinct. Pupils have bounded Louisiana 
on three sides by the Gulf of Mexico because the teacher’s map so indicated, 

t 

In drawing Mississippi, represent northern boundary line, continue central 
construction line of Alabama, drop perpendicular, ^ m. from lower extremity 
place point to left and draw from point entire line \ m. to right. For Louisiana 
continue central construction line, and order for other lines will be evident. 

Note. — For drawing States on the board use the entire length of the ruler to represent 
two hundred miles. 

Should this system of map drawing he used in schools where moulding is taught, the 
moulding of a continent should be given after the introduction and before drawing. Colored 
crayons can be used to advantage in drawing continents. 

Teachers, criticising maps while pupils are drawing, should, after giving directions, go 
about the class silently ; then from the platform, asking for attention of all, should make 
criticisms, pupils noting their work and using their own judgment about changes. Pupils 
will learn neither to compare nor to judge if criticisms are, as a rule, given to individuals. 

After giving measurements for a continent or State, ask pupils about the number of 
miles represented, greatest width, length, etc. 

In review, after asking all the questions which suggest themselves, the teacher should 
study the questions of others, thus considering the subject from every point of view. 



GENERAL DEFINITIONS. 


Note. — In giving these statements, which precede drawing of continents, use drawing 
and moulding when practicable. Use wall-map for divisions of surface, and a globe, which each 
pupil may reproduce in clay indicating poles, equator, hemispheres ; let each pupil explain 
his own work. 

The planet on which we live is called the earth. 

The earth is nearly round like a ball. 

We live on the surface of the earth. 

The most northern point of the earth is called the north pole. 

The most southern point of the earth is called the south pole. 

A line drawn around the globe, east and west, just half-way between the 
poles, is called the equator. 

DIVISIONS OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE. 

About one-fourth of the earth’s surface is land and about three-fourths is 
water. 

The lands of the earth are grouped together in two groups, on opposite sides 
of the earth. 

One group is about twice as large as the other. 

The larger group is in the Eastern Hemisphere, and is called the old world. 

The smaller group is in the Western Hemisphere, and is called the new world. 

There are six great bodies of land on the earth: these are called continents. 

The continents of the Eastern Hemisphere are Europe, Asia, Africa and 
Australia. 

Note. — Review points of the compass. North, east, south, and west are called the car- 
dinal points. North-east, etc., are called the semi-cardinal points. 



GENERAL DEFINITIONS. 


9 

The continents of the Western Hemisphere are North America and South 
America. 

That part of a continent bordering on the sea is called its coast. 

A portion of land surrounded by water is called an island. 

A portion of land nearly surrounded by water is called a peninsula. 

A portion of land extending into the water is called a cape. 

If the cape is high and rocky, it is called a promontory. 

A narrow neck of land connecting two larger bodies of land is called an 
isthmus. 

The great divisions into which the sea is separated by the continents are 
called oceans. 

A part of the ocean which lies within an inward bend of the coast is called 
a sea, gulf or bay. 

A sea lying within the land is called an inland sea. 

A part of the ocean which borders the land and is separated from the main 
ocean by islands is called a border sea. 

A passage of water connecting two larger bodies of water is called a strait 
or channel. 

A shallow channel or bay is called a sound. 

A deep inlet at the mouth of a river is called an estuary, firth, or frith. 

A tract of land at the mouth of a river dividing the stream and formed by 
deposits from the river is called a delta. 

SURFACE OF THE LAND. 

The surface of the land consists of high land and low land. 



10 teachers’ manual of map drawing. 

A large extent of low land is called a plain. 

A narrow extent of low land between highlands is called a valley. 

A gorge having high, steep banks worn by a stream is called a canon 
(kan'-yon). 

A portion of land not very high is called a hill. 

• I 

A large portion of very high land is called a mountain. 

A long belt or ridge of high land is called a mountain range or a chain of 
mountains. 

Many mountain ranges near each other form a mountain system. 

The highest points of the mountains are called peaks. 

A broad extent of high and generally level land is called a table land or 
plateau. 

A mountain that sometimes sends out fire, smoke, and lava is called a volcano. 

A large barren tract of land is called a desert. 

A fertile spot in the desert is called an oasis. 

INLAND WATERS. 

A large stream of water flowing through the land is called a river. 

The place where a river begins is called its source. 

The place where the river flows into some other body of water is called its 
mouth ; where it meets one or more other rivers is called a confluence. 

The lands which border the sides of the river are called its banks. 

The land over which the river flows is called its bed. 

Streams flowing into a river are called branches or tributaries. (Sometimes 
called affluents.) 

A river and its tributaries form a river system. 



('.ENEUAL STATE JIENTS. 11 

That part of a country, drained by a river and its tributaries is called the 
valley or basin of a river. 

The highest land that divides two basins forms a water shed. 

A large stream of water bowing over a precipice is called a cataract. 

A large body of water lying in a hollow in the land is called a lake. 

That part of the lake where the water flows out is called the foot of the lake. 
The end opposite the foot is called the head of the lake. 

CLIMATE. 

The heat or cold, moisture or dryness of a country is called its climate. 

The hottest parts of the earth are near the equator, and the coldest parts 
are near the poles. 

The temperate countries are between the hottest and the coldest parts of 
the earth. 

VEGETATION AND ANIMALS. 

The plants of the earth all taken together, are called its vegetation. 

Plants require warmth and moisture to make them grow ; therefore, a very 
dry, or a very cold, country can have but little vegetation. 

Countries having both warmth and moisture have a luxuriant vegetation. 

We generally find the fierce animals in hot climates. 

Some fierce animals and many fur-bearing animals are found in cold climates- 

PEOPLE. 

The very dark-complexioned people are found principally in hot climates. 



12 teachers’ manual of map drawing. 

Buying, selling or exchange of goods is called commerce. 

Commerce carried on between different countries is called foreign commerce. 

Commerce carried on between diffei ent parts of the same country is called 
domestic commerce. 

Goods sent out of a country are called exports. 

Goods sent into a country are called imports. 



f: 


I 


eI 








SOUTH AMERICA. 


DIRECTIONS FOR DRAWING, 

The distance of left hand extremity of first construction line from top and 
edge of paper, varying with size of paper, must be given. Vertical lines are 
pointed off into measures from the upper extremity, all others from left. Point 
off as soon as drawn. Draw a horizontal construction line 2^ m., If m. from left 
hand extremity (1. h. e.) erect perpendicular f m., connect with extremities of 
first line. From 1. h. e. of first line draw vertical down Ifm., from lower extrem- 
ity (1. e.) of last line draw to right (r.) m., place point If m. from 1. h. e. on 

last line (always last line unless otherwise mentioned) from point draw down 
5.^ m,, point off from u. e. If m., and connect with first vertical drawn, f m. be- 
low point 3 on vertical draw to r. If m., from 1. e. to r. f m., connect with point 
If from 1. of horizontal, connect with r. h. e. of long horizontal, connect with r. 
h. e. of first line drawn. To aid in drawing mouth of Amazon, from If m. on diagonal 
draw to 1. f m., down f m., connect with diagonal. Although not desirable to 
give rivers first the larger ones can be more accurately located if drawm before 
the construction lines are erased. Much care must be taken in drawing rivers 
or countries will be out of position. Pointing out the line to be drawn will make 
directions clear to pupil. Draw coast lines from upper left, teacher describing a 
few inches at a time, or perhaps strengthening a part drawn lightly before reci- 
tation. Finish continent according to plan given in first of book. Instruct 
pupils to avoid driving pencil into the paper, construction lines in particular 
must erase perfectly. 

Note. — Directions are to aid teacher, who will suit them to capacity of class. 




Note. — Tn introduction, note surface. The Andes, highest mountains, often with base of 
400 miles. The plateau of liolivia, two miles above sea-level, other highlands. Vast plains 
drained by the Amazon, Orinoco and La Plata rivers.* 

ISLANDS. 

1. Terra del Fuego (te-er'-a dfl fwa'go). 3. Joannes or Marajo (sho-ahn'-ness). 

'Z. Falkland. 4. Trinidad. 

ISTHMUS. 

I. Isthmus of Panama. Hepresent the Panama Kailroad. . 

CAPES. 


a. St. Lorenzo. 

/. Oorrientes (cor'-ri-eiP-tes). 1 

f/. Blanco (1). 

g. St. Antonia. ^ 

r. Horn. 

//. Frio (fre'-o). j 

(1. San Diego (san-de-ay'-go). 

j. St. Hoque. ! 

[ 

(’. Blanco ’(^). 

/. Gallinas (gal-le'-nas). 


SEA. 

1. Caribbean (ear-ib-be'-an). 

‘ 

GULFS AND BAYS. 

1. Gulf of Darien. 

5. Gulf of San Matias. 

Z. Bay of Panama. 

(>. Bay of All Saints. 

3. Gulf of Guayaciuil (gwi-ah-keeP). 

7. Gulf of Venezuela. 

4. Bay of St. George. 



STRAIT. 

1. Strait of Magellan (ma-jeP-an). 


* The statements in line print are 

not to 1)0 given until the work is taken in review after completion 

of both books. 




SOUTH AMERICA. 


17 


MOUNTAINS. 

f 1. Volcano of Aconcagua (ah-koii-kah'-gwali), 23,900 ft. 
j 2. Volcano of Chimborazo (chim-bo-rali'-zo). 

I. Andes ^ 3. Peak of Sorata (so-rali'-tah). ' 

4. Volcano of Pichincha (pe-clieen'-chah). 

5. Mt. Bahama (sah-hah'-ma), 22,350. 

II. Brazilian Andes. V. Pacaraima (pac-ah-ray'-mah). 

III. Geral (zhay-raliP). VI. Acaray (ac'-ah-ray). 


IV. Parima (pa-re'-mah). 


1. Titicaca (tit-e-kah'-kah), 

1. Amazon, 4,000 miles long. 

2. Para\pah-rah'). 

3. Negro. 

4. Tocantins (to-kahn-teens'). 

5. Tapajos (tah-pah'-zhoce). 
G. Madeira (ma-dee'-ra). 

7. Purus. 


LAKES. 

2. Maracaybo (mah-raliTki'-bo). 

RIVERS. 

8. Orinoco. 

9. St. Francisco. 

10. Rio de la Plata (plah'-tah). 

11. Uruguay. 

12. Parana (pah-rah-nah'). 

13. Paraguay. 


COUNTRIES. 


CITIES.* 


Note. — Mark countries with initial letter or first and last letter. 


Venezuela, 

United States of Colombia, 
Ucuador, 

Peru, 

Bolivia, 

Argentine Republic, 

Chili, 


a. Caracas (kah-rah'-kas). 

a. Bogota (bo-go-tah'). b. Aspiuwall. c. Panama. 
a. Quito (kee'to). 

a. Lima (le'mah). b. Callao (kahl-lah'-o). c. Pasco. 
a. La Paz (lah-pahtl/). b. Siicre. 
a. Buenos Ayres (bo'nus a'-riz). 

a. Santiago (sahn-te-ah'-go). b. Valparaiso (val-pah-rP-so). 


* Capital cities, when not given first, will be indicated by a star. Indicate the position of capital cities 
on the map by a star. 



18 


TEA(;iIERS MANUAL OF MAP DRAWIN(i. 


I’atagonia (Part of Argentine Republic). 



Uruguay, 

Paraguay, 

Brazil, 


French, 


British, 


a. Monte Video (mon'-ta vee'-da-o). 
a. Assumption, or Asuncion. 

a. Bio Janeiro (ri-o ja-ne'-ro). b. Para. c. Baliia (bah-ee'-ah). 
a. Cayenne (ki-en'). 
a. Paramaribo (pilr-a-mAF-i-bo). 
a. Ceorgetown. 


STATEMENTS/ 


I. The area of South America is equal to three-fourthH that of North Amer- 
ica (0,954,130 square miles). 

II. The highest mountains are in the western part — the eastern and central 
parts are mostly low lands. 

Ill The grassy plains of the Orinoco are called llanos; the great forests 
along the Amazon are called selvas ; the treeless regions of the Plata are called 
pampas. 

IV. The Amazon is the largest river in the world ; it has eight tributaries, 
each over one thousand miles long. 

V. The climate of the northern and central parts of South America is warm 
and moist, the most southern part Ijeing cold. 

VI. Coftee, sugar, cotton, tobacco and tropical fruits are the chief vegetable 
productions. Silver and guano are exported I'rom Peru and Bolivia. Horses and 
cattle are largely raised in Uruguay and Argentine Republic. Few of the ani- 
mals of South America are large. The reptiles are large and numerous; many 
brilliant birds and insects are found. 

VII. Whites, Indians, Negroes and mixed races comprise the inhabitants of 
South America. 



SOUTH AMERICA. 19 


VIII. South America was discovered by Columbus in 1498. Brazil was settled by the 
Portuguese, Avhile Pizarro, a Spaniard who conquered Peru, found there a powerful and civ- 
ilized race. 

IX. Excepting Guiana, British, French, and Dutch, the countries of South America are 
republics. 

X. The South American trade of the United States is chiefly with Brazil. In the pro- 
duction of coffee Brazil excels all other countries. Peruvian bark from which quinine is 
obtained, is exported from Colombia, Ecuador, and Bolivia. 

XI. Peru has the highest city, Pasco, and the highest railway in the world (13,000 and 
10,000 feet). Peru exports guano and silver. 

XII. Valparaiso, the chief sea-port of Chili,* ranks^ next to San Francisco as a sea-port 
of the Pacific coast of America. Chili and Argentine Kepublic, having a large proportion of 
European inhabitants, are making rapid progress in commerce and civilization, the latter 
taking the lead in education. 


* In the report of the “United States Board on Geographic Names” this is spelled Chile. 



f 





West Indies 


NORTH AMERICA. 


DIRECTIONS FOR DRAWING. 

Draw horizontal construction line 3 ni., from 1. h. e. drop perpeudicular 1 in., 
to r. 6§ m., connect points, from r. h. e. erect perpendicular 4 m. Complete for 
Hudson Bay and Labrador by drawing down 1 m. from point 4 on horizontal, to 
r. 2f m. For western coast from 1^ m. on longest horizontal down 3^ m., to r. 
§ ra., down J m., to r. 3J^ m., from 1. h. e. place point ^ m., down f m., from 
point 2, down If m , through 1. e. of last lines pass slanting line 3| m., f m. be- 
low last vertical draw to r. h. e. of horizontal, connect to complete outline. 

To aid in drawing est Indies point ofl* f m. from 1. e. of line throuah Yuca- 
tan and place point to r. 2^ m. For Newfoundland, down f m. and to r. i m. 

To draw map of the United States alone let 1 m. represent 300 miles. See 
map for construction lines. Matter same as given in N. A. with cities as given 
at first of United States book. 


ISLANDS. 


1. Kadiak (kahd-yJlk'). 

2. Queen Charlotte’s. 

3. Vancouver. 

'4. Cuba, a. City of Havana. 

5. Haiti (hay'-te), a. Santo Domingo. 

6. Jamaica, a. Kingston. 

7. Porto Rico (reTfo), a. San Juan. 

8. Bahama Islands. 


9. Bermuda Islands. 

10.. Cape Breton, a. Louisburg. 

11. Newfoundland (nu'-fund-land),a, St. Johns. 

12. Greenland. 

13. Fox Land. 

14. Prince Albert Land. 

( 22 ) 



NORTH AMERICA. 23 

15. Victoria Land. 

18. Aleutian Islands. 

16. Banks Laud. 

19. Prince Edward Island^ a. Charlotte Town. 

17. Anticosti. 


Note. — Cuba and Porto Rico (Spain), Jamaica (British colony) and Haiti (two independent republics), are 

sometimes called the Great Antilles; small islands from Porto Rico to mouth of the Orinoco the Lesser An- 

tides. Sugar and coifee are the chief exports. 

CAPES. 

a. Prince of Wales. 

g. Sable (1). 

h. Flattery. 

h. Hatteras. 

c. Blanco. 

i. Sable (2). 

d. Mendocino (men-do-see'-no). 

j. Kace. 

e. Point Conception. 

k. Farewell. 

/. St. Lucas. 

1. Pt. Barrow. 

PENINSULAS. 

1. Alaska. 3. Yucatan (yu-kali-tahn'). 5. Nova Scotia. 

2. Lower California. 4. Florida. 6. Labrador. 

1 

G-ULFS AND BAYS. 

1. Gulf of California. 

6. Hudson Bay. 

2. Bay of Honduras (hon-doo'-ras). 

7. James Bay. 

3. Bay of Campeachy. 

8. Baffin Bay. 

4. Gulf of Mexico. 

9. Bay of Fundy. 

5. Gulf of St. Lawrence. 


STRAITS 

AND CHANNELS. 

1. Bering Strait. 

4. Strait of Belle Isle. 

2. Channel of Yucatan. 

5. Hudson Strait. 

3. Florida Strait. 

6. Davis Strait. 



24 teachers’ manual of map drawing. 


MOUNTAINS. 

Note. — Teacher note the surface 

as divided into Pacific Highlands, Central Plain and Atlantic High- 

lands. 


I. Cascade Kange: 1. Mt. St. El 

ias (19,500 ft); 2. Mt. Wrangel (20,000 ft.) 

' 1. Volcana of Popocatepetl (po-po-cat'-a-petl), 18,500 ft. 

II. Rocky j 

2. Volcano of Orizaba (o-re-zah'-bah). 

. 3. Mt. Brown. •* 

III. Coast Range. 

VI. Alleghany. 

IV. Sierra Nevada (se-er'-ra nay-v 

ah'-dah), VII. Blue Ridge. 

1. Mt. Whitney (15,086 ft.) 

• V. Sierra Madre (mah'-dray). 

VIII. Cumberland. 

The mountain ranges in the eastern part of North America form the Appalachian Range. 

LAKES. 

1. Great Bear. 

8. Huron (Georgian Bay). 

2. Great Slave. 

9. Erie. 

3. Athabas'ea. 

10. Ontario. 

4. Little Slave. 

11. Winnepeg. 

5. Great Salt. 

12. Manitoba (man-i-to-bah'). 

6. Superior. 

13. Nicaragua. 

7. Michigan. 

• 

Note. — Mention proposed routes of travel between Gulf of Mexico and Pacific Ocean. 

RIVERS. 

1. Mackenzie. 

8. Arkansas. 

2. Yukon'. 

9. Ohio. 

• 3. Columbia. 

10. Missouri, to Gulf of Mexico 4,350 miles. 

4. Colorado (kol-o-rah'-da). 

11. St. Lawrence. 

5. Rio Grande (re-o grahn'-de). 

1 2. Saskat'chawan. 

6. Mississippi,' 3,160 miles. 

13. Ottawa. 

7. Red. 


Note.— Teacher note the four great river systems of North America— Mackenzie, St. Lawrence, Hudson 

Bay, Mississippi — and regions drained by rivers given. 


NORTH AMERICA. 


25 


COUNTRIES. 


CITIES. 


Alaska (a territory of the United States), a. Sitka. 

The Aleutian Islands extending south-west from Alaska are a part of the territory, 

a. Montreal, 
onto 


Dominion of Canada, 
United Statesf, 


d, Tor- 


Mexico, 


Central America, 



a. 

Guatemala, 

a. 

Salvador, 

a. 

Nicaragua, 

a. 

Costa Eica, 

a. 

Honduras, 

a. 

Balize, 

a. 


h. Quebec, c. Ottawa*. 
e. Halifax.* 

New York. h. Chicago, c. Philadelphia, d. 
Brooklyn, e. Boston. /. St. Louis, g. 
Baltimore. h. San Francisco. i. New 
Orleans (or'-lee-anz). j. Cincinnati. ]c. 
Washington*. 

Mexico. 1). Vera Cruz. c. Acapulco (ah- 
kah-pool'-ko). 


Note. — These divisions should not be given to young classes. 


STATEMENTS. 

I. North America is twice as large as Europe and one-half as large as Asia 
(9,059,920 square miles). 

II. An extensive plain lies between the mountains of the eastern and those 
of the western parts. The Hocky Mountains rest on a plateau a mile above the 
level of the sea. 

* Since the opening of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, connecting with lines of ocean steamers, Van- 
couver, on the mainland, and Victoria, on Vancouver Island, have grown rapidly. Toronto ranks second, and 
Hamilton before Ottawa, while Montreal with 200,000 ranks first of Canadian cities. 

f In giving North America any matter pertaining to the United States should receive extra time and 
drill. This is the place for studying the United States as a whole. Draw separately, enlarged as given. 
Names of cities here given are in order of size. 


2G TEACIIEUS’ MANUAL OF MAI* DRAWING. 


Til. The climate of North America is cold in the north, temperate in the 
middle, and hot in the south. 

TV. The climate of the Pacific Coast is milder than that of the Atlantic 
Coast at same distances from the equator. Why 7 

V. ,The vegetable products include grain in the west, fruits in the east, and 
cotton, sugar and tropical fruits in the south. 

VI. Manufacturing and commerce are carried on in the east, and farming 
and mining in the west. 

VII. Mexico is noted for its high mountains and plateaus, silver, and tropi- 
cal products. • 

VIII. The heat and moisture of the coast, the temperate regions of the plateaus, and 
the cold at the higher altitudes give Mexico every variety of climate. 

IX. Mexico, a federal republic, consists of twenty-eight states, one territory, and the 
district in which the capital is located. 

X. White bear, reindeer, whale, seal and walrus are found in the northern 
part of North America; alligators, turtles and rattlesnakes in the south; and buf- 
faloes, bears, deers and wolves in the temperate regions. 

XI. The inhabitants of North America comprise Indians, Negroes, VTiites, 
and Mexicans, besides Esquimaux in the extreme northern part. 

DOMINION OF CANADA. 

I. Canada was colonized by the French and came under English rule in 1759. 

II. In Canada the winters are very severe, and the summers hot and short. Compare 
the climate with that of Europe in same latitude. Cause of difference. 

III. The provinces bordering on the United States are New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, 
Manitoba, Assiiiiboi, Alberta, and British Columbia. 



NORTH AMERICA. 


27 


IV. The lumber trade, ship-building, and the fisheries engage the people of the eastern 
provinces; farming and fishing, those of the western provinces ; and valuable furs are col- 
lected from the west and north. 

V. Montreal is the largest city of Canada ; Quebec is the most strongly fortified 
city in America; and Halifax, with its fine harbor, is a station for ocean steamers. 

VI. The Welland Canal connects Lakes Erie and Ontario. The Ottawa, St. Maurice, 
and Saguenay rivers fiow southeast into the St. Lawrence river. 



o 




I 



.-40 


6 ■«><i 




EUROPE. 


DIBECTIONS FOR DRAWING. 

.Europe is represented on a larger scale to avoid croAvding the map. One m. 
represents 400 miles. DraAv horizontal construction line 3f in., from 1. h. e. drop 
perpendicular 6 m., point off from u. e. 2 m., to left 3^ m. down f m., connect 
point 3 on vertical with 1| from r. of last horizontal, connect last point wdth 

l. h. e. of first line. From same point 3, draw” 2f m. to 1., down m., to 1. 1^ 

m. , dowm m., to r. 1 m. Point off from 1. e. of long vertical m., to left If 
m., connect points. Line for Sicily ; ^ m. from 1. e. of last oblique draw perpen- 
dicular I m. Eastern boundary, from r. h. e. of first line down 2^ m. to 1. ^ m., 
down m., connect with 1. e. of long vertical, to r. f m , dow”n m., connect 
with point 3.^ on oblique. A horizontal from point 2| to 1. If m. will aid in 
drawing Black Sea. For Iceland, from first horizontal to 1. 3 m., doAAm ^m., place 
points. 


ISLANDS. 


1. Iceland. 

2. Shetland Islands. 

3. Orkney Islands. 

4. British Isles.* 

5. Hebrides (heb-ri'-deez). 


C. Balearic (bal-e-ar'-ic). 

7. Corsica. 

8. Sardinia. 

9. Sicily, a. Palermo. 

10. Candia. 


Note. — Point out position of Spitzbergen on -wall map; of Gothland; of Heligoland. 

CAPES. 

a. Horth Cape. b. The Haze. 


* England, Scotland and AVales form one island, called Great Britain ; this island and the island west, 

Ireland, are called the British Isles, or, with the neighboring islands, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and 

Ireland; this kingdom and its dependencies constitute the British Empire. 

(31) 


32 


TEACHERS MANUAL OF MAP DRAWING. 


c. Clear. 

d. Lands End. 

e. Ortegar. 

/. Finisterre. 


g. St. Vincent. 

h. Spartivento. 

i. Matapan'. 


PENINSULA. 

1. Crimea. After drawing countries note those forming peninsulas. 


I. White. 

II. North. 

III. Baltic. 

IV. Irish. 

V. Mediterranean. 
VI. Adriatic. 


SEAS. 

VII. Archipelago or Egean Sea (Grecian Archipelago*). 

VIII. Marmora. 

IX. Black. 

X. Sea of Azov (ah'-zov). 

XI. Caspian. 


G-ULFS AND BAYS. 


1. Gulf of Tcheskaya (tshes'-kah-yah). 

2. Gulf of Onega (o-nay'-ga). 

3. Gulf of Bothnia. 

4. Gulf of Finland. 

STRAITS 

1. Skag'er Rack. 

2. Cat'egat. 

3. Strait of Dover. 

4. English Channel. 

5. St. George’s Channel. 


5. Gulf of Riga (re'-ga). 

6. Bay of Biscay. 

7. Gulf of Lyons. 

8. Gulf of Taran'to. 

AND CHANNELS. 

G. Strait of Gibraltar. 

7. Dardanelles (dar-da-nelz'). 

8. The Bosporus. 

9. Strait of Yenikale (yen-e-kah'-lay). 


* The word archipelago is used as the name of this sea, and is also used in a general sense, meaning a 
sea containing many small islands, or sometimes a group of islands. 



. . 1 . .. . . . .. 1 .... 

EUROPE. 33 

MOUNTAINS. 

I. Scandinavian. 

VI. Apennines. 

II. Cantabrian. 

VII. Balkan. 

III. Pyr'enees. 

VIII. Carpathian. 

IV. Sierra Nevada. 

IX. Cau'casus. 1. Mt. Elboorz (17,796). 

Y. Alps. 1. Mt. Blanc (15,810 ft.) 

X. Ural. 

2. Mt. llosa. 


Volcanoes. — M t. Hecla : Iceland. Mt. Etna, (10,874 ft.): Sicily. Vesuvius: Italy. 

Strom'boli : Island belonging to Italy. 



LAKES. 

1. Wener (wa'-ner). 3. Lad' 

oga. 5. Constance. 

2. Geneva. 4. Onega. 6. Maggiore (malid-jo'-ra). 

Note. — Give lesson on glaciers — Mer de Glace. Describe an avalanche ; the formation of icebergs. 

' 

RIVERS. 

1. Petchora. 

10. Rhone. 

2. DwLna. 

11. Po. 

3. Vistula (vis'-too-la). 

12. Danube. 

4. Oder. 

13. Dnieper (nee'-per). 

5. Elbe. 

14. Don. 

6. Rhine. 

15. Volga (2,000 miles). 

7. Seine. 

16. Ural. 

8. Loire (Iwahr). 

17. Thames (temz). 

9. Ta'gus. 


COUNTRIES. 

CITIES. 

Sweden and Norway, 

a. Stockholm. a. Christiana. b. Hammerfest 


(most northern town in the world.) 

Denmark (Peninsula of Jutland), 

a. Copenhagen (on island of Zealand). 


34 

teachers’ manual of map drawing. 


gland. 


a. London, b. Liverpool, c. Manchester, d. Bir- 

Great lirituin -< 



mingham. 

and 

. Scotland, 


a. Glasgow, b. Edinburgh.* 

Ireland, 



a. Dublin, b. Cork. c. Queenstown. 

German Empire, 


a. Berlin, b. Hamburg, c. Dresden, d. Bres- 




lau (bres'-law). e. Munich. 

Holland, or the Netherlands, 


a. The Hague, b. Amsterdam. 

Belgium, 



a. Brussels. 

France (Republic), 


a. Paris, b. Lyons, c. Marseilles, d. Bordeaux. 




e. Havre. 

Spain, 



a. Madrid, b. Barcelona, c. Seville. 

Portugal, 



a. Lisbon. 

Switzerland (Republic), 


n. Bern. b. Geneva. 

Italy, 



a. Naples, b. Rome*, c. Tu'rin. d. MiPan. e. 




Florence, f. Venice. 

Sun Marino, the oldest and smallest republic in the world, is in the north-western part of Italy. Men- 

tion. 




I^)ndon is the largest and most 

wealthy city in the world; Paris is the second city in size; Berlin is the 

third city in size in Europe. 



Greece (Peninsula of Morea forms 

« 

the southern part). 


a. Athens. 

Austria (Austro-Hungarian Empire), 

a. Vien'na. b. Prague, c. Buda-Pesth. 

Turkey (Empire), 


a. Constantinople. 

Bulgaria (included in Turkish or 


Ottoman Empire), 


a. Sophia. 

♦Servia (principality, limited monarchy), 

a. Belgrade. 

Roumania, 

(( <f 

ti 

a. Bucharest (boo-kah-rest'). 

Montenegro, 

a (f 


a. Cettigne (chet-teen'-yay). 

Russia (Empire) 


a. St. Petersburg, b. Moscow (mos'-ko). c. Odes- 




sa. d. Warsaw. 

* It is not necessary for pupils to'represent on map the small countries of south-eastern Europe. Teach- 

er may point them out on wall map. 

Countries, government not mentioned, are kingdoms. 



EUROPE, 35 


STATEMENTS. 

I. Europe is next to the smallest continent (3,830,350 square miles). 

II. The most northern point of Europe is the same distance north as the 

most northern point of Alaska. ' 

III. The climate of Europe is mild and moist. 

IV. The southern paid produces olives, oranges, lemons, citron and grapes. 
Abundant wheat crops are raised in the central part. The cod-fisheries of Nor- 
way are the greatest in the world. 

V. Europe is noted for manufactures and commerce. 

VI. The inhabitants of Europe are generally educated, those of Russia, 
Greece and Turkey being the exceptions. The Laps of the extreme north are 
uncivilized. 

VII. The Rhine, Seine, Loire and Rhone are noted for beautiful scenery. 

VIIL The exports from England to^ the United States are manufactures of wool, cotton, 
linen, iron, and tin ; from France, are manufactures of silk, wool, and leather, besides wines 
and brandy ; from Germany are wine, instruments, glassware, toys, and fine chromes and 
prints. ^ 

IX. Among the cities of Europe containing celebrated art collections are Eome and 
Florence, Dresden and Munich. Paris furnishes great advantages to the art student. Among 
the great cathedrals of Europe that at Strasbourg and another at Milan are celebrated for 
their architecture. 

Note. — When the important countries of Europe are given, each should receive a special introduction. 
Lessons given on the largest cities, pupils being encouraged to bring in information and pictures. After the 
subject matter in the book is learned let the rest be voluntary— each retaining according to his ability. 





AFRICA. 


DIRECTIONS FOR DRAWING. 

Draw horizontal construe, line 4 m., from 2^ on horizontal drop perpendicu- 
lar 8.^ m., continue above point If m., connect points. From point on vertical 
draw m., 4f m. on 1., remainder on r., from 1. h. e, of vertical erect perpendic- 
ular 1 m., connect points. From 2.f on horizontal, to 1. e. of vertical, connect 
points. From point If to r. 2 m., from point 3f to r. If m. will aid in locating 
Madagascar. Place most western construe, line at extreme edge of paper in book. 


ISLANDS. 


1. Azores (a-zorz'), Portugal. 

4. St. Helena, Great Britain. 

2. Madeira (ma-dee'-ra), Portugal. 

5. Madagascar, French protectorate. 

3. Canary, Spain. 

G. Socotra, Great Britain. 


ISTHMUS. 

1. Isthmus of Suez. Locate Suez Canal. 


CAPES. 

a. Blanco. 

e. Good Hope. 

h. Verde. 

/. Aguhlas (ah-gool'-yahs). 

c. Palmas. 

g. Guardafui (gwar-dah-fwee'). 

d. Frio. 

• h. Bon. 


SEAS. 

I. Mediterranean. 

II. Red. 


GULFS. 

1. Guinea (gin'-e). 

2. Aden (ah'-den). 3. Sidra. 


(38) 


3. Sidra. 




AFRICA. 39 

✓ 

STRAITS 

AND CHANNELS. 

1. Strait of Gibraltar. 

3. Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb (bahb-el-mahn'-deb). 

2. Mozambique Channel. 


MOUNTAINS. 

I. Atlas. IV. Snow. 


II. Kong. V. Lupata. 


III. Cameroon. VI. Mountains of the Moon, 

1. Mt. Kenia. 

2. Mt. Kilima Njaro (kil-e-mahn-jah-ro'), 20,065 ft. 


LAKES. 

1. Tchad (chahd). 

4. Tanganyika (tahn-gan-ye'-kah). 

2. Albert Nyanza. 

5. Nyassa. 

3. Victoria Nyanza. 

* 


RIVERS. 

1. Senegal (sen-e-gawT). 

5. Zambese (zam-bay'-ze). 

2. Niger (ni'-jer). 

6. Nile, 4,000 miles. 

3. Kongo. 

7. White Nile. 

4. Orange. 

8. Blue Nile. 

COUNTRIES. 

CITIES. 

With the apportionment of territory 

imong European powers according to international agreement. 

I. Senegambia, French. 


II. Sierra Leone, British Colony, a. Freetown. 

III. Liberia, Colony of American Negroes, a. Monrovia. 

IV. Upper Guinea, 


1. Ashantee, British, 

a. Coomassie. 

2. Gold Coast, British. 


3. Dahomey, French, 

a. Abomey'. 




40 


teachers’ manual of map drawing. 


V. Lower Guinea. 


1. German Territory. 

2. French Territory. 


13. Portuguese Territory, 

VI. Kongo Free State. 

VII. German Territory. 


a. St. Paul de Loanda. 


1. Damara. 

2. Namaqua. 


VIII. Cape Colony, British, 

IX. Kaffraria, British. 

X. Orange Free State. 


a. Cape Town. 


XI. Natal, 

XII. Zulu Land. 


British, 

British. 


a. Durban. 


XIII. South African Republic. 

XIV. Portuguese East Africa. 

1. Sofala. 

2. Mozambique. 

XV. German Territory. 

1. Zanzibar. A strip of coast with islands forming an Arab despotism. 
XV’^I. English Territory. 

XVII. Galla, British and Italian. 


XVIII. Somanli, 
XIX. Adel, 

XX. Abyssinia, 
XXI. Soudan. 


Italian. 

British; French, northern part. 


a. Gondar. 


XXII. Egypt, 


Pays tribute to Turkey, 


a. Cairo (ki'-ro). b. Alexandria. 
c. Khartoom'. d. Port Said. 
e. Suez. 


XXIIl. Tripoli, 
XXIV. Fezzan'. 
XXV. Tunis, 


a. Tripoli. 
a. Mourzouk. 
a. Tunis. 


1. Barca. 


XXVI. Algeria, 
XXVII. Morocco. 


French 


a. Algiers. 
a. Morocco. 







AFRICA. 41 


Sahara, or Great Desert, is numbered on the map XXVIII. Spain claims large territory in the western 

part. 

Tlie territory north from Cape Colony to Kongo Free State is under British protectorate. The entire 
lines on the map enclose the Free Trade Zone. 

Tunis, Tripoli and Barca are dependencies of the Turkish Empire ; Fezzan, of Tripoli. Madagascar is 
a monarchy ; the capital is Tananarive. 

Note. — Give lesson on Egypt. 

STATEMENTS. 

I Africa is next in size to jf^ sia (11,556,650 square miles). 

IT. The mountains are near the coast, the interior being high tablelands and 
deserts. 

111. The climate is hot and dry in the interior, and along the coast very un- 
healthful. The equator crosses Afiica in about the central part, passing through 
Lake Victoria Nyanza. 

lY. Great productiveness of soil is produced along the valley of the Nile by 
its annual overflow, beginning in June and lasting until December. Egypt is the 
oldest country of which we have any record, and along the Nile are found re- 
mains of ancient monuments, pyramids, temples and palaces. 

V. The principal productions in the central and southern parts are grains, 
coffee, sugar, tobacco, palm oil and tropical fruits. Indigo, ivory, feathers and 
diamonds are exported from the southern part ; and wool, grains, olive oil, and 
leather from the north. The wild animals are the lion, elephant, rhinoceros, ' 
hippopotamus, leopard, giraffe, monkey and zebra. The ostrich and sacred ibis 
are remarkable birds of Africa. 

VI. Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, and Tripoli are called the Barbary States. 



42 


teachers’ manual of map DRAM'ING. 


VII. The inhabitants of Africa are’ mostly of the Negro race, although in the north- 
eastern part the Caucasian race predominates. 

VIII. Abyssinia forms the highest plateau in Africa. It is also remarkable for high 
mountains and heavy summer rains. What effect have these facts upon the climate of Egypt? 

An effort is being made throughout the civilized world to stamp out the terrible slave trade in Africa. 
This trade is cjirried on mostly by the Arabs, who lay w’aste large tracts of country and murder or enslave 
the inhabitants. • • 




f 



ASIA. 


DIHECTIONS FOIJ DHAWING. 

Draw horizontal construe, line 6^ m., from r. h. e., up 1 m. connect points, 
from 1. h. e. first line, down 71 m., from point 2\ to 1. 4^ m., down 3^ m., to r. 8 
m., connect points 3^ and 5^ with 1. e. of vertical, pass line through r. li. e. of 
horizontal, continue until line is 8| m., connect 1. e. with point 6 on horizontal. 
Continue long horizontal 2 m. to locate Philippine Islands, and from 5f on oblique 
line to r. m., to locate Japan Islands. Islands of Asia locate before erasing 
construe, line. Draw continent in book in parts divided at long vertical. 


1. Nova Zembla. 

Cyprus. 

3. Ceylon', a, Colombo. 

4. Sumatra (soo-mah'-trah), 

5. Bor'neo. 


ISLANDS. 

6. Philippine Islands (fil'-ip-pin). 

7. Formo'sa, 

8. Japan Islands, 

9. Saghalien (sah-gah-leen'), 


a. Northeast Cape. 

b. Com'orin. 

c. Cambodia. 


CAPES. 

d. Lopatka (lo-paht'-ka). 

e. East Cape. 


PENINSULAS. 

1. Malay'. 2. Korea (ko-ree'-a). Kamtchatka (kahm-chat'-kah). 

Note countries forming peninsulas. 

SEAS. 

I. Sea of Kara (kah'-rah). II. Caspian. 









11 , 



48 teachers’ manual of map drawing. 


SEAS {continued). 

III. Ar'al. 

VIII. China.' 

IV. Black. 

IX. Yellow. 

V. Mediterranean. 

X. Japan. 

VI. Bed. 

XI. Okhotsk (o-kotsk'). 

VII. Arabian. 

XII. Bering Sea. 


GULFS AND BAYS. 

1. Gulf of Obi (o'-be). 

5. Gulf of Tonquin (ton-keen'). 

2. Persian Gulf. 

0. Gulf of Pechelt*'. 

3. Bay of Bengal. 

7. Anadir (ah-nah-deer'). 

4. Gulf of Siam. 


STRAITS AND CHANNELS. 

1. strait of Bab-el-Mandeb. 

4. Strait of Malacca. 

2. Strait of Or'mus. 

5. Channel of Tartary. 

3. Palk Strait. 

6. Bering Strait. 


MOUNTAINS. 

I. Ural. 

VI. Ghauts (gawts). 

II. Cau'casus. 

VII. Kuenlun (kwen-loon'). 

III. Elbruz (el-brooz'). 

VIII. Peling. 

IV. Ilin'doo Koosh. 

IX. Altai (ahl-ti'). 

V. Ilimala'ya, 1. Mt. Everest (29,000 ft.) X. Stanovoy. 

2. Mt. Ararat. 3. Mt. 

Sinai. XL Thian Shan (te-ahn'-shahn). 


LAKES. 

1. Bal jBh. (bahl-kalish'). 

2. Baikal (bi'-kahl). 


RIVERS. 

1. Obi. 

8. Cambodia. 

2. Ural. 

9. Yang-tse Kiang (yahng-tse-ke-ahng'), 2,500 miles. 

3. Eupbra'tes. 

10. Hoang' Ho. 

4. Tigris. 

11. Amoor (ah-moor'). 

5. Indus. 

12. Lena. 

6. Ganges. 

13. Yenisei (yen-e-say '-e). 

7. Irrawaddy. 




ASIA. 49 

COUNTRIES. 

CITIES*. 

Siberiaj 

a. Tobolsk (to-bolsk'). h. Irkoutsk (ir-kootsk'). 


(St. Petersburg, Eussia, is capital.) 

Turkestan. 


Turkey, 

a. Damascus. h. Smyrna (smir'-na). c. Mecca. 


(1. Jerusalem. (Capital, Constantinople). 

Arabia, 

a. Mascat'. 

Persia, 

a. Teheran (teli-liTahiT) 

Afghanistan', 

a. Cabul (ka-bool'). 

Beloochistiin', 

a. Kelat (kel-aht'). 

Hindoostaii', 

Bombay, h. Calcut'ta*. c. Madras, d. Ben- 


ares (ben-ah'-rez). 

Farther India f Biimah, 

a. Mandelay. 

or Siam', 

a. Bangkok'. 

Indo-China, Anam' 

a. Hue (lioo-ay'). 

Chinese Empire, 

a. Pekin', h. Canton', c. Shanghai (shang-hi'). 

Empire of Japan, 

a. Tokyo (to'-ke-o). b. Yokohii'ma. 

Kaslimire', Nepaul', and Bootan are small independent states north of British India, or Ilindoostan. 

The deserts of Asia are Syrian and Arabian, and a number from the Caspian Sea eastward, of which Gobi is the 

largest. The plateau of Thibet (te'-bet) is the highest in the world. Note position and interesting facts about 

Palestine, the Dead Sea, the river 

Jordan. Locate the Great Wall of China. Read from English history, 

locating Lucknow and Delhi. 



STATEMENTS. 

I. Asia, the largest continent, has an area equal to twice that of North 

America, and four times that of Europe (10,415,750 square miles). 

11. In the southern 

part of Asia are found the highest mountains on the 

globe^ while the northern part consists of vast plains. 

III. The climate is very cold in the north, temperate in the middle, and hot 

* The island and city, Singapore, south of Malay Peninsula, and the island city, Hongkong, belong to 

Great Britain. 




50 teachers’ manual of map drawing. 


in the south. Mecca is the hottest city in the world, and Yakutsk, Siberia, is 
the coldest. 

IV. The Chinese Empire contains over four hundred million inhabitants, or 
about one-third of the inhabitants of the globe. 

V. The exports of China' Proper are tea, rice, cotton, grains and fruits. 
India exports silks, shawls, opium, indigo and fruits. Coffee, grains, dates and 
medicines are exports of Arabia. Valuable pearls are found near the Strait of 
Ormus. 

VI. The wild animals of Asia include the elephant, buffalo, tiger, panther, 
leopard and monkey. The camel serves man even amid the snows of Siberia. 

VII. Hindoostan and much of the coast of Indo-China are subject to Great 
Britain. Portions of many of the countries of Asia are inhabited by wandering 
tribes. 

VIII. Asia is inhabited by Esquimaux, Siberians, Chinese, Japanese. Indians 
Malays, Arabs and Turks. 

IX. Siberia has an area greater by 300,000 square miles than the combined 
areas of the United States, Alaska, and the states of Europe, excepting Russia. 
Numbers of political exiles and criminals are sent into Siberia by the Russian 
government, 

X. The Empire of Japan consists of four large islands and a number of smaller ones. 
The emperor is called the Mikado. Foreigners are now admitted into the country, and the 
telegraph and steam power have recently been introduced. Numbers of Japanese are being 
educated in the United States. 





t* * 



OCEANICA. 

V 

/ • 

DIRECTIONS FOR DRAWING. 

One m. represents 1200 miles. The boundary lines between divisions of 
Oceanica with aid of points serve as construe, lines. Horizontal north of Papua 
is drawn first, erect perpendicular, locate points for horizontal to 1. Complete in 
convenient order. The groups of small islands in north-western part of Poly- 
nesia are sometimes given as a subdivision and called Micronesia. The long hor- 
izontal line coincides with the Equator. 

Oceanica comi:)rises nearly all the islands in the Pacific Ocean. It is divided into : 

I. Malaysia. II. Polynesia. III. Australasia. 

The islands between Australia and the mainland export coffee, spices, and camphor. 

I. MALAYSIA. 

ISLANDS. 

1. Suma'trii. 3. Spice Islands. 5. Bor'neo. 

2. Java. 4. Celebes (seP-e-biz). 6. PhiPippine Islands. 

Madagascar, Borneo, New Guinea, and Sumatra are the largest islands of the world. 

SEAS. 

I. Java. II. Celebes. III. China Sea. 

STEAITS. 

1. Strait of Malac'ca. 2. Strait of Sunda. 3. Macas'sar Strait. 

.CITIES. 

a. Bencoo'len, on the island of Sumatra. 
a. Bata'via, on the island of Java. 
a. Bruni (broo-ni'), on the island of Borneo. 

a. Manila (raah-ne'-lah), on the island Luzon (loo-zone') (most northern of Philippine Islands). 

(53) 



54 


teachers’ manual of map drawing. 


II. POLYNESIA. 


ISLANDS. 


1. Magellan’s Archipelago. 

2. Ladrone' Islands. 

3. Caroline Islands. 

4. Central Archipelago. 


6. Friendly Islands. 

7. Society Islands. 

8. Mendana Islands. 

9. Fiji (fee-jee) Islands. 


5. Hawaiian (hil-wi'-e-an), or Sandwich Islands*, a. Ilonolu'lu. 10. Samoan Islands. 


III. AUSTRALASIA. 


Wool, gold and gum are exports of New Zealand ; wool, of Tasmania. 


ISLANDS. 


1. Papua, or New Guinea (pap'-oo-a). 

2. Australia. 

3. Tasmania (taz-may'-ne-a). 


6. New Hebrides. 

7. Solomon Islands. 

8. New Mecklenburg. 


4. New Zealand, a. Auckland (awk'-land). 9. New Pomerania. 

5. New Caledonia. 

Note. — Give lesson on coral and volcanic islands ; on the location and nature of Sargasso seas ; and sim- 
ple lessson on ocean currents. 

* The largest of the Sandwich Islands is Hawaii, on which is the volcano Mauna Lao, 13,120 feet in ele- 
vation. Mt. Ophir, on the Island of Sumatra, is 13,842 feet in elevation. 




AUSTRALIA. ' 


DIRECTIONS FOR DRAWING. 

Draw horizontal construction line m., drop perpendicular from r. h. e. 3^ 

m., through point If draw horizontal 4 m., ^ on r., 4 (map should read ^)from 

1. e. draw to 1. 3 m., from 1. e. to r. f m., connect points. 


CAPES. 


a. Northwest Cape. 
h. Leeuwin (loi'-vins). 

c. Cape Howe. e. Flattery. 

d. Sandy Cape. /. York. 

I. Coral Sea. 

SEA. 


GULFS AND BAYS. 

1. Cambridge. 4. Botany Bay. 

2. Great Australian Bight. 5. Gulf of Carpentaria. 

3. Spencer Gulf. 


1. Bass Strait. 

STRAITS. 

2. Tor'res Strait. 


I. Australian Alps. 

MOUNTAINS. 

II. Blue. 


1. Murray. 

RIVERS. 

2. Darling. 


COUNTRIES AND CITIES. 

West Australia. Queensland. 

South Australia, a. Adelaide. Alexandra Land. 

Victoria, a. Melbourne. North Australia. 

New South Wales, a. Sydney. 

(55) 



56 teachers’ manual of map drawing. 

STATEMENTS. 

I. Australia is about as large as the United States. 

II. The interior of Australia is a great plateau. 

III. In the northern part the climate is hot; in the southern part, temperate. 

IV. Mining farming and grazing are the chief occupations. Go^d and copper 
are found, and among the products are spices and tropical fruits. Wool is pro- 
duced in large quantities. 

V The animals are small, the kangaroo being the largest. 

VI. Australia belongs to Great Britain. The inhabitants are mostly Eng- 
lish. The original inhabitants are not civilized. 






Profile View op tiie United States. 


UNITED STATES. 


(Note. — Teacher refer to wall map.) 

1. The United States is bounded on the north by the Dominion of Canada ; 
on the east by the Atlantic Ocean ; on the south by the Gulf of Mexico and Mex- 
ico, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. 

Tlie United States contains more than 3,000,000 square miles, and Alaska more than 500,000 square 
miles. The average breadth from north to south is 1,300 miles; length, 2,500 miles. 

2. The principal mountain ranges are the Blue Bidge, Alleghany and Cum- 
berland in the east, Rocky in the west-central, and Sierra Nevada, Cascade Range 
and Coast Range in the west. 

3. The largest rivers are Mississippi, Ohio, Missouri, Nebraska or Platte, 
Arkansas, Red, Rio Grande, Columbia, Colorado, and St. Lawrence. 

4. The Great Lakes are Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie and Ontario. 

5. This country has a great variety of climate. 

6. The States of the eastern part of the Union are remarkable for agricul- 
tural products and manufactures Grain, fruit and vegetables are raised in the 
north; and cotton, rice and sugar in the south. 

7. The States remarkable for precious and useful metals are between the 
Rocky Moim tains and the Pacific Ocean. 

8. In the region of the Alleghany Mountains are found iron and coal. 

9. Washington is the capital of the United States. The largest cities are 
New York (1,519,501 inhabitants), Chicago, Philadelphia Brooklyn, St. Louis, 
Boston, Baltimore, San Francisco, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Buffalo, New Orleans, 
Pittsburg, and Washington. 

The three cities first mentioned have each over a million of inhabitants, while the others range from 
804,377 (Brooklyn) to 229,796 (Washington). 

Population of the United States in 1890, as compared with that of 1880 and 1870, exclusive of Alaska, 
white persons in Indian Territory, and Indians on reservations. Vermont and Nevada alone show a decrease 
in population between 1880 and 1890. In 1870 the population was 38,558,371; in 1880, 50,155,783; and in 
1890, 62,480,540. — Authority, New England Pub. Go. 

(57) 


68 teachers’ manual of map drawing. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 

“ Keystone State.” 

After explanation, drill on measurements and introduction, begin drawing, 
using entire lines for boundaries, dotted for construction, point oft’ vertical lines 
from upper extremity, and all others from left. Represent northern bound, line 
by entire line m., continue to left with dotted construe, line i in., drop perpen- 
dicular f m., draw to right m., erect perpendicular construe, line to join first 
line, point off from u. e. ^ m., and draw construe, line to right ^ m., and point 
off I m. (remainder used in drawing New Jersey), from 1. e. point off J m , and 
place point to right ^ + m., for bend in river. Upper bend may be located by 
pointing off | — m., from u. e. and placing point i + to right. Complete outline 
and locate matter, numbering as in book. Give first States with great care. 



M.vp OK Pennsylvania and New Jersey. 



PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY. 


59 


MOUNTAINS. 

I. Alleghany. II. Blue Eidge. 

' \ 


KIVEKS. 

1. Delaware. 2. Susquehanna. 3. Juniata (jun-e-ah'-tah). 4. Ohio. 


j 5. Alleghany. 

( 6. Monongahela. 


CITIES. 

a. Philadelphia. h. Pittsburg, c. Allegheny. d. Scranton, e. Eeading. /. Har- 
risburg.* 

I. Pennsylvania produces much coal and iron and petroleum. 

II. Philadelphia is the second manufacturing city in the Union. 

III. Pittsburg has large iron works and an extensive coal trade. 


NEW JERSEY. 

Northern boundary from points already fixed. Continue eastern construe, 
line for Pennsylvania i in., place point to right ^ m.^ connect points. Complete 
outline of coast. Mention Life Saving Stations on this dangerous coast. Why 
dangerous ? 


CAPE, 


Cape May.* 


RIVERS. 


1. Delaware. 2. Earfitan. 

CITIES. 

a. Jersey City. b. Newark, c. Paterson, d. Trenton.* 

I. New Jersey supplies large quantities of vegetables and fruit to the markets of New 
York and Philadelphia. 

II. Newark has a great variety of manufactures. 


* Mark bays, capes and sounds on map -with initial letters. Plan for special study of New York taken 
before books arc used, at back of book. 



60 teachers’ manual of map drawing. 


NEW YORK. 

“Empire state.” 

After introduction to State a special lesson on New York City should be 
given, teacher drawing map much enlarged of vicinity of New York City that ^ 

pupils may understand map of southern part of State. More than one recitation, : 
composition as review, teacher giving analysis, to complete subject. Represent 
northern boundary of State by entire line m., continue to left with construe, 
line ^ m., drop perpendicular construe, line ^ m., to left, construe, line 1 — m., 
drop perpendicular \ m., for L. Erie, down H m., making m. entire, boundary 
line to right 1^ m., continue with construe, line ^ m. From r. h. e. line first draw 
place point down ^ m., to right iV get slant i m., and ^ + m. by eye. On ^ 

construe, line place point m. from 1. li. e. and \ — m. down from | m., r. h. e. 

# 

down ^ — m. to locate bend in Delaware river and New York City. Lines on 
this part confuse. Complete by careful directiem. When construe, lines for a 
part are completed, finish boundary up to that point on a difficult map. Omit lakes j 
5 and 6 unless drawing own State. ! 


BAY. 

New York. 

ISLANDS. 

1. Long Island. 2. Staten Island. 

MOUNTAINS. 

I. Adiron'dack. II. Catskill. 

RIVERS. 

1. Hudson. 2. Mo'hawk. 3. Genesee. 4. Oswego. 5. St. Lawrence. 6. Niagara. 
7. Susquehanna. 8. Delaware. 

LAKES. 

1. Ontario. 2. Erie. 3. Champlain. 4. George. 5. Oneida. G. Seneca. 

CITIES. 

a. New York. b. Brooklyn, c. Buffalo, d. Rochester, e. Syracuse. /. Albany. 
g. Troy. h. Utica. 




NEW YORK AND CONNECTICUT. 


Map op New York. 

I. New York State excels in wealth population and commerce. 

11. New York City is the largest city in th6 United States. 

III. Brooklyn is the fourth city in size in the United States. 

IV. Buffalo has a large lake and canal commerce. (The Erie Canal connects the Hudson 
River and Lake Erie.) 

V. Rochester is noted for flour mills. Troy for iron and steel works, and Syracuse for 
salt works. 

CONNECTICUT. 

One measure represents 100 mi. Draw northern boundary line lyV ni., point 
off I m. from right for northern boundary of Rhode Island. For western bound- 



62 


teachp:ks’ jianual of map drawing. 


ary draw slant lines ^ in., V* m , | m., by eye. Eastern boundary, ^ m., with m. 
1. e. dotted. A point ^ in. from 1. li. *e. of first line will locate indentation of Mas- 
sachusetts, ^ in. from southern boundary of lUiode Island will locate mouth of 
Connecticut river. 



Long Island Sound. 

RIVERS. 

1. Connecticut. 2. Housaton'ic. 3. Thames (thamz). 

CITIES. 

a. New Haven, b. Hartford.* c. Bridgport. d. ^leriden, 

I. Connecticut has a great variety of manufactuses ; it is a fine agricultural State and its 
coast trade is extensive. 



RHODE ISLAND AND MASSACHUSETTS. 


63 


RHODE ISLAND. 


On eastern boundary line of ^Connecticut place point down ^ m., draw con- 
strue. line to right ^ m., complete outline. 


Narragan'sett Bay. 
1. Blackstone. 


BAY. 

RIVER. 


CITIES. 

a. Providence.* 1). Pawtiick'et. c. Newport.* 

I. Rhode Island is the second State in the Union in regard to density of population. 
II. Providence is a commercial city and Newport is a celebrated watering place. 


MASSACHUSETTS. 

“Tlie Bay State.” 

Represent western boundary line by 4 m. (slant is fu measured on horizon- 
tal), to right boundary line 1 m., continue with construe, line i m., bisect and 
erect perpendicular ^ m , drop perpendicular from horizontal line to point opposite 
northern boundary of Rhode Island, to right ^ m., down m., connect with con- 
strue. line of Rhode Island. 

Why are Connecticut, Rhode Island and Massachusetts draun on a larger 
scale than New York! 


BAYS.’ 

Massachusetts Bay. Cape Cod Bay. Buzzards Bay. 


Cape Cod. Cape Ann. 


CAPES. 


ISLANDS. 

1. Marthas Vineyard. 2. Nantuck'et. 



G4 


teachers’ manual of map drawing. 


MOUNTAINS. 

I. Mt. Holyoke. II. Mt. Tom. 

RIVERS. 

1. Connecticut. 2. Charles. 3. Merrimac. ' 

CITIES. 

a. Boston.* b. Worcester, c. Lowell, d. Fall River, e. Cambridge. /. Lynn. g. 
Lawrence, h. Springfield. 

I. Massachusetts is the most thickly populated State ; stands first in manufactures, and 
second in commerce. 

II. Boston is the chief city in the New England Statesf and is noted for its educational 
institutions. It ranks third in foreign commerce. 


VERMONT. 


“Green IVIoiiiitaiii State.” 



M.\r OP Veumont and New Hampshire. 


Northern boundary line i — m., point olf A 
from 1. li. e. drop perpendicular construe, line 
f + m., from 1. e. draw to left entire in., erect 
perpendicular 4 + m., complete outline. 


mountains. 

1. Green. II. Mt. Mansfield. 

RIVERS. 

1. Connecticut. 2. Winooski or Onion. 

lake. 

1. Champlain. 

CITIES. 

a. Rutland, b. Burlington, c. Montpelier.* 

I. The leading industries of Vermont are agriculture 
and stock raising. The dairy products are extensive 
and much maple sugar is made. 


f The New England States are Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode 
Island. 



•NEW HAMPSHIRE AND MAINE. 


65 


NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

“ Granite State.** 

From r. h. e. of northern boundary of Vermont place points ^ m. up and ^ m. 
to right, down boundary line Continue southern boundary of Vermont until 
whole line is f m., continue with construe, line ^ m., and place point yV up. Com- 
plete outline. 


MOUNTAINS. 

I. White. II. Mt. Washington (highest peak in New England, 6,288 feet). 

RIVERS. 

1. Connecticut. 2. MeFrimac. 

LAKES. 

1. Winnipiseogee (win-ne-pe-sok'-ke). 

CITIES. 

a. Manchester, b. Concoi’d.* c. Nashua, d. Dover, e. Portsmouth. 

I. The northern part of New Hampshire is covered with granite mountains. The scen- 
ery is very beautiful. 

II. Manchester and other large towns are noted for manufactures. 

MAINE. 

“ Pine-tree State.** 

Western boundary | m., point off from u. e. ^ m., to right construe, line 1 m.,' 
point off from right m., construe, line up ^ m.^ continue with entire line i m., 
(map should so read) construe, line to left ^ m., up | m. Point off from left of 
horizontal construe, line f m., place point up ^ m., connect with u. e. of last line. 
Point xV to right of 1. e. first line, and place point down will aid in locating 
south-western extremity. Note indentations of coast in regard to points on 
horizontal construe, line. 



66 


TEACIIEUS’ manual OF MAP DRAWING. 





Passamaqiioddy. Penobscot. Casco. 

MOUNTAIXS. 

I. Mt. Saddleback. II. Mt. Katah'diri. 

RIVERS. 

1. Penobscot. 3. Keii'iiebec. 3. Aiidroscog'gin. 4. St. Croix. 5. St. John. 

LAKES. 


1. Grand. 3. Schoo'dic. 3. Moosebead. 



DELAWAEE AND MAKYLAND. 


67 


CITIES. 

a. Portland, h. Lewiston, c. Bangor, d. Augusta.* 

I. Extensive forests of pine, spruce and hemlock cover the northern part of Maine, fur- 
nishing fine lumber for ship building. The fisheries are extensive. 

II. Portland is the chief seaport and is an important railroad centre. 


DELAWARE. 

Draw the important construe, lines for group. Draw horizontal line 1^ m., 
^ — m. at left dotted, add curved northern boundary of Delaware (yV + m. in 
width). Point off ^ m. from right of horizontal and down construe, line ^ m. to 
locate bend in Potomac river, continue f m. to locate southern boundary of Vir- 
ginia, from 1. e. draw boundary line If m., ^ to right, with slight break continue 
i + m. to left. From 1. h. e. of first line drop perpendicular construe, line f m. 
^ from 1. e. place point and i — m. to left place point. Complete Delaware with 
western boundary ^ m., southern boundary, m., place point ^ m. up. Com- 
plete outline. 


Delaware. 

Henlopen. 

Delaware. 


BAY. 

CAPE. 

RIVEE. 

CITIES. 


a. Wilmington, b. Dover.* 

I. Delaware is a fruit-growing State. 

II. Wilmington has the largest car works in the United States. 


MARYLAND. 


On line first drawn point off from left y m., down + m. Locate extrem- 
ity of peninsula ^ m. above r. h. e. of southern boundary of Virginia, draw 











VIRGINIA. 


69 


boundary of Maryland i + m. below southern boundary of Delaware. Locate 
District of Columbia and Washington after completing State. 


Chesapeake. 

1. Susquelian'na. 2. Potomac. 


BAY. 

RIVERS. 

CITIES. 


a. Baltimore, h. Annapolis.* 

I. Iron and coal are found in the western part of Maryland; corn, wheat, tobacco and 
fruits are raised in the eastern part. The oyster trade of Chesapeake Bay is extensive. 

II. Baltimore is an important market for flour, canned fruit and oysters. 


VIRGINIA. 

“Old Dominion.’’ 

Construction lines already given. Note that southern part of peninsula is 
part of Virginia. 


BAY. 

Chesapeake. 

CAPES. 

Charles. Henry. 


MOUNTAINS. 

I. Blue Eidge. II. Alleghany. III. Cumberland. 

RIVERS. 

1. Potomac. 2. Eappahannock. 3. York. 4. James. 5. Shenandoah. 

CITIES. 

a. Eichmond.* h. Norfolk, c. Petersburg. 

I. Grain is raised extensively in the western part of Virginia, and tobacco is raised in 
the eastern part. 



70 


teachers’ manual of map drawing. ' 


WEST VIRGINIA. 


Complete with river boundaries, strength of drawing indicating difference in 

size. 


I. Alleghany. 


MOUNTAINS. 


RIVERS. 

1. Ohio. 2. Big Sandy. ' 3. Great Kanawha (ka-naw'-wa). 


CITIES. 

a. Wheeling, b. Parkersburg, c. Charleston.* 

I. The mountains of West Virginia are rich in minerals. Much of the coal is found 
near the surface. 


NORTH CAROLINA. 

“Old North State.” 

Northern Ixmndary If in., ^ in. from right place point and draw construe, 
line down 1 m., point off f from 1. e., and place point to left f m., draw to left 
entire line f m., from point a little up draw construe, line | m., continue with en- 
tire line f m. (add f m. to mark oft* space for Georgia). Place point f m. from 
r. h. e. of first line f down to aid on coast line. Complete outline. 


Al'bemarle. Pamdico. 
Hatteras. Lookout. Fear. 


SOUNDS. 

CAPES. 

MOUNTAINS. 


I. Alleghany. II. Blue Ridge. III. Mt. Mitchell (6,707 ft. Highest peak of the Ap- 
palachian system.) 

RIVERS. 

1. Roanoke'. 2. Nense. 3. Cape Fear. 

CITIES. 

a. Wilmington, b. Raleigh.* c. Charlotte. 

I. North Carolina has extensive pine forests from which are obtained tar, pitch, resin 
and turpentine. 

II. Along the coast of North Carolina are many narrow islands and sand bars. 



Map of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. 



y' 



72 teachers’ manual of map drawing. 


SOUTH CAROLINA. 

“Palmetto State.” 

Draw construe, line down 1 — in. from 1. h. e. of first ^ m. on southern 
boundary of North Carolina. Complete by eye. 

RIVERS. 

1. Great Pedee. 2. Santee. 3. Savannah. 

CITIES. 

a. Charleston, h. Columbia.* 

I. Rico and cotton are raised in South Carolina. 

II. Charleston is the first rice market in the United States. 

. OEORG-IA. 

Continue last construe, line i + m., to left place point ^ — m., construe, 
line to left | m., entire line J m. ^ m. up and a little to left place point, construe, 
line up f m., connect points and. complete outline. 

RIVERS. 

1. Savannah. 2. Altamaha (awl-ta-ma-haw'). 3. Flint. 4. Chattahoo'chee. 

CITIES. 

a. Savannah, b. Atlanta.* c. Columbus, d. Augusta. 

I. Georgia is the most populous of the South Atlantic States. The manufactures are 
extensive ; cotton, rice and sweet potatoes are raised. 

FLORIDA. 

Northern boundary f m., place point down and little to right m., to right 
entire line i m., construe, line down 1^ m., to right ^ m., place point 1 m. from 





Map op Florida, 


74 


teachers’ manual of map drawing. 


1. e., draw horizontal line i m. bisected by vertical. From r. b. e. of first line 
place point ^ m. down, from r. h. e. place point 4 ni. down. Complete outline. 
Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana given in introduction. 


bays. 

Apalach'ee. Tam'pa. Charlotte Harbor. 

islands. 

1. Florida Keys. 2. Apalachico'lo. 3. Key West. 

CAPES. 

Sable. Romii'no. St. Bias (sahn blahs). 

LAKE. 

1. Okeecho'bee. 

RIVERS. 

1. St. Marys. 2. St. Johns. 3. Suwanee. 4, Apalachicola. 

CITIES. 

a. Key West. 1. Jacksonville, c. Pensacola, d. Tallahas'see. * e. St. Au'gustine. 
I. Florida is remarkable for its marshy surface and warm climate. 

IL Among the productions are cotton, corn, oranges, lemons and bananas. 

III. Turtle, alligators, fish and wild fowl are abundant. 

IV. Jacksonville exports large quanties of lumber. 

V. Pensacola is a United States naval station. 

VI. St. Augustine is the oldest city in the United States. 

VII. Key West, on an island of the same name, is a United States naval station. 

ALABAMA. 


BAY. 


Mobile Bay (mo-beel')- 

RIVERS. 

1. Mobile. 2. Alabama (al-a-bah'-ma). 3. Tombigby. 
nessee. 6. Chattahoochee. 


4. Black Warrior. 5. Ten- 



K*. 



X 


I 

t 


N 

\ 


Map of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. 


76 


teachers’ manual of map drawing. 


CITIES. 

a. Mobile, b. Montgomery.* c. Selma. 

I. The northern part of Alabama is mountainous, and produces coal and iron ; cotton is 
raised in the central part. The pine forests in the southern part are extensive. 

II. Mobile is a cotton and lumber market. 


MISSISSIPPI. 

RIVE US. 

1. Mississippi. 2. Pearl. 3. Yiizoo'. 

CITIES. 

a. Vicksburg, b. Natchez, c. Jackson.* 

I. Mississippi is rich in agricultural productions and stands first in the production of 
cotton. 


LOUISIANA. 


uay. 

Black Bay. 

lake. 


1. Pontchartrain'. 


RIVERS. 


1. Mississippi. 2. Red. 3. Washita (wosh'-e-taw). 4. Sabine (sah-been'). 


cities. 

a. New Orleans, b. Shreveport, c. Bilt'on Rouge* (roozh). 

I. Louisiana stands next to New York in the value of its exports ; those of Louisiana 
being sugar, cotton and rice. 

II. A large portion of the people being of French descent, the French language is spoken 
to some extent. 

III. New Orleans is the principal cotton market in the world. 



TEXAS AND INDIAN TEKRITORA". 


77 


TEXAS. 

“Lioiie Star State,” 

Texas and Indian TerHtory are much simpler if Indian Territory be 
included in directions. Let 1 m. represent 400 miles. Boundary line ^ m., 
boundary up f + m. point off from u. e. yV to right boundary f + m., down 
^ m. From second line drawn, to right If m., boundary down f m. first + m. 
vertical, remainder little to right, to right place point iV m., down If m. first f m. 
entire, remainder construe, line, to left construe, line f m. From r. h. e. of line 
first drawn point off j\- m. and place point, down f m. for bend in Bio Grande. 
Complete outline and learn matter for Texas before taking up Indian Territory. 


BAY. 


Galveston. 


IlIVEKS. 

1. Rio Grande. 2. Colorado. 3. Brazos (brah'-zos). 4. Trinity. 5. Sabine. G. Red. 

CITIES. 

a. Gal'veston. b. San Anton'io. c. Houston, d. Austin.* e. Dallas. 


I. Texas is the largest State in the Union, being more than five times as large as New 
York. 

II. Texas is low along the coast, and barren in the northwest. The interior contains rich 
prairie land. 

III. Cotton and corn are largely produced. Many people are engaged in stock raising. 

IV. Galveston, the principal seaport, carries on commerce with Mexico, West Indies and 
European cities. 


INDIAN TERRITORY. 

RIVERS. 

1. Arkan'sas. 2. Canadian. 3. Red. 





TENNESSEE AND KENTUCKY. 


79 


TENNESSEE. 

Northern boundary f m., from point a little up draw to right If — in., from 
1 . h. e. of first line construe, line down f m. boundary If m., f — m. to left, re- 
mainder to right. Complete with river and mountain. 


MOUNTAINS. 

1. Cumberland. 2. Alleghany. 

RIVERS. 

1. Mississippi. 2. 'J’ennessee. 3. Cumberland. ' 

CITIES. 

a. Memphis, h. Nashville.* c. Chattanoo'ga. 

I. In the eastern part of Tennessee iron, copper, coal and marble are abundant ; in the 
middle and western parts cotton, corn, tobacco and live stock are raised. 

II. Much cotton is shipped at Memphis for the New Orleans market.* 

KENTUCKY. 

From r. h. e. of northern boundary of Tennessee place point f m., draw con- 
strue. line up f m. from same point on boundary place point | m. to locate 
mountain boundary of Kentucky^ to left of construe, line place point | m., up f 
111., to locate most northern point. Point off f m. from 1 . h. e. of southern bound- 
ary and place point i up, locating mouth of Ohio river, connect by construe, line 
with northern point to aid in drawing curves in river boundaries. 


MOUNTAINS. 

1. Cumberland. 

^ RIVERS. 

1. Mississippi. 2. Ohio. 3. Big Sandy. 4. Kentucky. 5. Cumberland. 6. Ten- 
nessee. 

CITIES. 

a. Louisville (loo'-is-vil). h. Covington, c. Frankfort.* 




Mai* of Tknnessek and Kentucky. 



OHIO AND INDIANA. 


81 


I. The river valleys of Kentucky afford good pasture ; hemp and tobacco are extensively 
raised. 

II. Kentucky is remarkable for its vast caverns, Mammoth Cave being the most noted. 

III. Louisville is the largest tobacco market in the world. 

OHIO. 

Northern boundary ^ + m., western, 1 — m. from 1. e. to right m., point 
off f m. and place point f in. down, from construe, line up draw construe line | 
m., continue with entire line ^ m. Complete with L. Erie and river boundary. 


KIVERS. 

1. Ohio. 2. Scio'to. 

- CITIES. 

a. Cincinnati (cin-cin-nah'-te). Cleveland, c. Columbus.* rZ. Tole'do. e. Dayton. 

I. Ohio is the third State in population and the second in the production of coal. 

II. In Ohio much corn, wheat, hay, flax, grapes and wool are produced. 

III. Cincinnati has extensive pork -packing establishments. 

IV. Cleveland has a large lake trade. 

INDIANA. 

From 1. e. of western boundary of Ohio point off ^ m., construe, line to left f 
— m., boundary line up ^ m., construe, line down i m. Place point to left | m., 
connect 1. e. of ^ m. construe, line with 1. e. of eastern boundary. Northern 
boundary, ^ m. construe, line ^ m. entire. 


LAKE. 


1. Wabash. 

1. Ohio. 2. Wabash (waw'-bash). 


RIVERS. 

3. White. 






jAIap ok Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. 


INDIANA, ILLINOIS AND MICHIGAN. 83 


CITIES. 

a. Indianapolis.* 1. Evansville, c. Terre Haute (ter-reh-hote'). d. Fort Wayne. 

I. Indiana lias a very fertile soil, raising large food-crops. Cattle and swine are raised 
in great numbers. 

ILLINOIS. 

From 1. e. of western boundary line of Tnd. place point up ^ m., to left 
in. construe, line, from u. e. same line place point f m. up and point yV m. to left, 
northern boundary^ f m. From south-western point of Ind. draw to left con- 
strue. line ^ m. Place ruler to pass through 1. h. e. of construe, lines and con- 
tinue ^ m., locating most southern point. Complete river boundaries. 


LAKE. 

1. Michigan. 

RIVERS. 

1. Mississijipi. 2. Ohio. 3. Wabash (waw'-bash). 4. Illinois. 5. Eock. 

CITIES. 

a, Chicago, h. Peoria, 'c. Quincy, d. Springfield.* e. Bloomington. 

I. Illinois ranks first in the production of corn and oats. Lake Michigan and the Miss- 
issippi and Ohio rivers furnish great advantages for commerce. 

II. Chicago is the greatest grain market in the world, and is the second commercial city 
in the United States. 

MICHIGAN. 

Michigan and Wisconsin . — Before drawing, give thorough lesson on the 
Great Lakes from wall map. Trace course of waters to ocean. Many questions 
like: Through what waters would you pass in going from Duluth to Chicago? 
What waters touch the lower peninsula of Mich.? The upper ? Note points of 
interest on a lake trip. A talk about copper mines. Specimens brought into 
the class. 



84 


TEACHEK8’ MANUAL OF MAP DUAWING. 


Draw rectangle 2 m. by 2| m. (longer from right to left). Bisect sides, di- 
vide into four rectangles, upper right rectangle divide in same way, lower right, 
from right to left, upper left, from right to left and divide upper half with verti- 
cal. Point oil* from 1. e. of central construe, line 4 m., and draw to left f m. 
for southern boundary of Wis. Complete Mich., teacher noting difficult points 
within each division of construe, lines. Learn Mich, then complete Wis. 

Wliich is land and which is water? ” pupils often ask. • Make clear. Col- 
ored crayons will aid. • ' ’ 


1. Siij^erior. 2. Michigan. 

Green. Sag'inaw. 

1. Isle Royale. 2. Beaver. 


LAKES. 

3. Huron. 4. Erie. 
BAYS. 
ISLANDS. 

STRAIT. 


5. St. Clair. 


- 4 


1. Mack'inaw or Mack'inac. 

RIVERS. 

1. St. Marys. 2. St. Clair. 3. Detroit. 4. Grand. 

CITIES. ^ ^ 

a. Detroit, b. Grand Rapids, c. Bay City. d. Lansing.* » 

I. The upper peninsula of Michigan is noted for iron and copper ; in the lower penin- i 
sula lumber, wheat, fruit and wool are raised. i 

II. Detroit, the ‘‘ City of the Straits,” has an extensive trade in lumber and provisions. 

i 

in. Ann Arbor, about forty miles south-east of Detroit, is the seat of Michigan University. 


WISCONSIN. 


RIVERS. 

1. Mississippi. 2. St. Croix (kroi). 3. Wisconsin. 4. Chippewa. 

LAKES. 

1. Superior. 2. Michigan. 3. Winneba'go. 


9^ 




80 


TKACIIElis’ MANUAL OF MAP DRAWING. 


Green. 


BAY. 


CITIES. 

a. Milwaukee, h. Kacine (ra-seen'). c. Osh'kosh. d. Madison.* 

I. Wisconsin produces much wool, lumber and wheat. 

II. Milwaukee, an important railroad centre, ships great amounts of giAin and lumber. 


MINNESOTA. 

Northern liounrkrj ^ — m., construe line down m., to right m., point 
ofV IVom left ^ — m., construe, line down in., lower \ — in. entire, continue 
with constiuc. line I m , southern boundary 1^ m., ^ to right of construe, line, 
western boundary f in., remainder by eye. 


RIVERS. 

1. Missisiippi. 2. Red River of the North. Minnesota. 

CITIES. 

a. Minneapolis, h. St. Paul.* c. Duluth, d. Winona. 

I. The forests are extensive. The large rivers furnish abundant water power; the 
surface is diversified by several thousand small lakes. 

II. Minneapolis has the largest flouring mills in the United States. 


IOWA. 

Continue southern boundary of Minn, a little to left, construe, line down 
1 + in., point oft’ ^ from u. e. for location of river, from 1. e. to right construe, 
line \ — m., continue with entire line 1 m., projection in southern boundary 



oj1n> 



Map of Minnesota and Iowa. 


I 

16 


88 


teachers’ ;viakual of map drawing. 


in. each way. From r. h. e. of northern boundary place point down ^ m., and 
point to right ^ in., locating most eastern point of State. 


rivers. 

1. Mississippi. 2. Des Moines (df-moin'). 3. Missouri. 4. J3ig Sioux (soo). 

CITIES. 

a. Des Moines.* b. Dubuque', c. Davenport, d. Burlington. 

I. Iowa consists mostly of rieh prairie lands, and is one of the first Stales in the pro- 
duction of grain, flax and potatoes. 

II. The State furnishes an abundant supply of coal, and lead is found near Dubuque. 


MISSOURI. 


Northern lioundary line I in., point off' from 1. h. e. \ m., construe, line down 
.V m., continue with entire line ^ m., southern boundary 1^ m., projection { in., 
construe, lines each way. Complete with river boundary. 


mountains. 

I. Ozark'. II. Pilot Knob. III. Iron Mountains. 

RIVERS. 

1. Mississippi. 2. Missouri; 3. Osage'. 4. St. Francis. 

CITIES. 

a. St. Louis, b. Kansas City. ' c. St. Joseph, d. Jefferson City.* 

I. Missouri has fertile prairie lands in the north and rich minerals in the south. Iron 
Mountain and Pilot Knob are mostly made up of iron ore. 

II. St. Louis is the chief city of the Mississippi valley. It is the terminus of twenty 
railroads. 





# 



I 




90 teachers’ manual of map drawing. 


ARKANSAS (ar'-kan-saw). 

From 1. li. e. of southern boundary of Mo. draw down 1 m., first ^ m. verti- 
cil!, remainder a little to right, place point a little to right and draw i m. down, 
southern boundary J m., continue eastern river Ixiundary of Mo. 

RIVERS. 

1. Mississippi. 'Z. Arkansas. 3. White. 4. Ked. 

CITIES. 

a. Little Kock.* h. llefena. 

I. Arkansas is rich in minerals, timber and prairie land. 

II. Large steamers ascend the Arkansas Kivcr as far ns Little Rock. 

III. Fort Smith and Hot Springs are growing towns in the western part of the State. 

NORTH DAKOTA. 

North Dakota and South Dakota . — Northern boundary in., western 2^ 
in , southern 1 + m., continue with coustruc. line I m., up ^ in., upper f m. 
entire, rivers on southern houndary m., from r. h. e. of construe, line and ^ m. 
down. Complete outline by Red River of tlie North. Bisect western boundary 
and draw boundary to right separating North and South Dakota. Draw one-half 
size in book. 

\ 

RIVERS. 

1. Missouri. Z, Dakota. 3. Red River of the North. 

CITIES. 

a. Fargo, b. Grand Forks, c. Bismarck.* d. Pembina. 

I. The Dakotas are noted for fine wheat land. 

Note. — Fargo is marked b on map, Bismarck, a, and Pembina, e. Locate Grand Forks on Red River 
of the North. 




SOUTH DAKOTA. 


SOUTH DAKOTA. 


M.\p OP North Dakota, South Dakota and Nebraska. — (Draw one-half size). 
I. Black Hills. 

RIVERS. 

1. Missouri. 2. Dakota, or James. 3. Big Sioux. 4. Cheyenne (shi-en'). 

CITIES. 

a. Sioux Falls, h. Yankton, c. Pierre.* 

I. Gold and other metals are found in the Black Hills. 

Note. — On map Yankton is marked a, Pierre, h, and Sioux Falls, c. 



92 TEACHERS* MANUAL OF MAP DRAWING. 

NEBRASKA. 

Western })ounflary § -f ra., to right ^ m., down ^ + m. to right m. Com- 
plete with river boundary. Draw correct size on trial paper. 

RIVERS. 

1. Missouri. 2. Platte or Nebraska. 3. Niobra'ra. 

CITIES. 

a. Omaha, b. Lincoln.* c. Nebraska City. 

I. Large crops of wheat and corn are raised in the river valleys. 

II. Stock raising is one of the leading industries of the western part of the State. 

III. Omaha, the eastern teminns of the Union Pacific Railroad, is an important commer- 
cial centre. 

KANSAS. 

“Central State.** 

Northern boundary m., western 1 -f m., southern 2 + m., eastern % m. 
Complete with river boundary. 

RIVERS. 

1 . Missouri. 2. Arkansas. 3. Kansas. 4. Smoky Hill. 5. Republican. 

CITIES. 

a. Leavenworth, h. TopO'ka.* ft Atchison, d. Lawrence. 

I. The wheat and corn crops of Kansas are large. Coal and lead are found in the 
State. 

II. Stock raising is an important industry of the State. 



5 




1 . 

Map op Colorado. 


94 teachers’ manual of map drawing. 


COLORADO. 

‘Keciangle 2 m. by lA in., longer from right to left. 

mountains. 

I. Rocky. II. Long’s Peak (14,271 ft.) III. Pike’s Peak (14,147 ft.) 

RIVERS. 

1. Arkansas. 2. Grand. 

CITIES. 

a. Denver.* h. Pueblo (pweb'-lo). c. Leadville. d. Colorado Springs, e. Silver Cliff. 

I. The climate of Colorado is fine. Mining and stock raising are the chief occupations. 

II. The wild animals include the elk, deer, bison and antelope. 

III. Leadville, 11,000 feet above the level of the sea, is a great mining town. 

Note. — On map Leadville is marked b, Silver Cliff, c, and Colorado Springs, d. 

MONTANA. 

Northern boundary m., eastern li — in., southern 1| m., connect by con- 
strue. line with 1. e. of line ^ m. down from 1. h. e. of first line, complete with 
mountain boundary. 

mountains. 

I. Rocky. 

RIVERS. 

1. Missouri. 2. Milk. 3. Yellow Stone. 4. Powder. 5. Big Horn. 

CITIES. 

a. HePena.* h. Virginia City. 

I. The mineral wealth of Montana is very great. 

II. Helena and Virginia City are centers of trade for the mining disstricts. 

Note. — Butte City now ranks next to Helena in size. 




Map of Montana. 


9G 


teachers’ manual of map drawing. 


WYOMING. 

Northern boundary, including Yellow Stone Park, If + in., western bound- 
ary little to right, U m., including same, complete rectangle and Yellow Stone 
Park ^ m. north to south f + m. east to west. 

mountains. 

I. Rocky. II. Fremonts Peak (13,676 ft.) 

RIVERS. 

1. Platte or Nebraska. 2. Big Horn. 3. Powder. 4. Green. 



Map of Wyoming. 



WYOMING, ARIZONA, AND NEW MEXICO. 97 


CITIES. 

a. Cheyenne.* 

I. Wyoming is an elevated plateau, traversed by the Eocky Mountains. 

II. Wyoming is rich in minerals. 

III. Coal is found near the Green river. 

Note. — Great natural wonders, such as canons, boiling and sulphur springs, gc) scrs and volcanoes are 
found in Yellow Stone Park. The park is fifty-five miles by sixty-five miles in extent. Represent this park 
on the map of Wyoming. 

ARIZONA TERRITORY. 

Northern boundary I^ in., eastern 2 -[- m., southern If in. f m. at right en- 
tire, remainder construe, line up ^ m., complete southern boundary by connecting 
points. From 1. h. e. of first line down ^ m., complete by river boundary'. 

RIVERS. 

1. Colorado. 2. Little Colorado. 3. Gila (he'-lii). 4. Salt. 

CITIES. 

a. Tucson (too-son'.) b. Prescott, c. Phoenix* (fe'nix). 

I. The climate of Arizona is hot and dry. 

II. Mining and wool growing are the chief sources of wealth. 

III. Tucson is a market for gold dust, hides and wool. 

NEW MEXICO TERRITORY. 

Northern boundary If m., western 2 + m., from 1. e. to right f m., up 
^ + m., to right .V in., point up yV iR-, to right 1 m., complete by connecting 
points. 







100 


teachers’ manual of map drawing. 


MOUNTAINS. 

I. Sierra Mad re (se-fr'-rah mah'-dray). 

RIVERS. 

1. Rio Grande. 2. Pecos (pjV-kos). 


a. Santa F6’'‘ (sahn'ta fay'). 


CITIES. 


I. The mineral wealth of New Mexico is great, but is not yet developed. 

II. The raising of cattle and sheep is extensively carried on in New Mexico. 

III. New Mexico was first settled by the Spanish. Santa F6 is next to the oldest city in 
the United States. 


IDAHO. 

Northern boundary ^ m., western J m. entire, place point 1 m. down and 
complete ^ to r. with § m. entire, southern boundary 1.^ m., eastern J m., ^ m., 
complete with mountain and river. 


I. Rocky. 

1. Lewis or Snake. 2. Salmon. 


MOUNTAINS. 


RIVERS. 


CITIES. 


a. Boise City.* b. Idaho City. 

I. In the fertile valleys of Idaho, wheat, barley, oats and potatoes arc raised. 
II. Mining and stock raising are the important industries. 




Map of Idaho. 


102 


teachers’ manual of map drawing. 


UTAH TERRITORY. 

Northern boundary f m., western If m., southern 1^ in., eastern down from 
northern ^ m., complete outline. 



Map of Utah Teuritouy. 
RIVERS. 


1. Colorado. 2. Green. .3. Grand. 



UTAH AND WASHINGTON. 103 


LAKES. 

1. Great Salt Lake. 2. Utah. 

CITIES. I 

a. Salt Lake City.* 1). Og'den. 

1. The surface of Utah is very moantainous. ■ 

11. Utah is remarkable for its lakes which have no outlet to the ocean, and for the' cation 
of the Colorado river. 

III. Utah is noted for its mineral wealth. 

IV. Good crops are raised in the valleys. 


WASHINGTON. 


Northern boundary in., eastern 1 + m., last m. construe, line, from point 
little to right, southern boundary 1 in. entiie, continue with construe, line If m., 
construe, line up The indentation is at lowest point | in. down from 1. h. e. 
of first line. 



GULF AND SOUND. 

Gulf of Georgia. Puget Sound (piT-jet). 

STRAIT. 


1. strait of Juan de Fuca. 


Cape Flattery. 


CAPE. 


MOUNTAINS. 

1. Cascade Kange. If. Mt. Eainier (14,444 ft.) 

RIVERS. 

1. Columbia. 2. Clarkes. 3. Lewis or Snake. 

CITIES. 

a. Olympia.* 1). Seattle (se-at-1). c. Tacoma, cl. Spokane Falls, -e. Walla Walla. 


I. Washington has fine harbors and fine forests for the production of lumber. 





Map of Oregon 


a)\'4 


OREGON AND CALIFORNIA. 


105 


OREQON. 

■'Northern boundary 1^ m. construe, line, continue with | m. entire, place 
point down ^ m., complete eastern boundary with entire line | m., southern 
boundary 2 m., complete with coast and river. 


CAPES. 


Foulweather. Blanco. 


MOUNTAINS. 

I. Cascade. II. Blue. III. Mt. Hood. 


1. Columbia. 2. Willil'mette. 


1. Klamath (klali'-mat). 


RIVERS. 


LAKE. 


CITIES. 

a. Portland, b. Salem. 

I. Oregon is an agricultural State. Wheat, wool and fruit are raised. 

II. The great forests in the western part furnish the best spars and masts in the world. 

III. Portland, connected by steamer with San Francisco, exports flour, wool and lumber. 


CALIFORNIA. 


Northern boundary m., from r. h. e. down ItV ni. entire, construe, line 
to left 1 m., down 2.^ m., to right If m. continue with entire line f ra., connect 
u. e. with last boundary drawn, complete with coast and river. Directions are 
correct size in trial book. , 


San Francisco. 


BAY. 



106 


teachers’ manual of map drawing. 


CAPES. 

Mendocino (men-do-ce'-no). Point Conception. 

MOUNTAINS. 

I. Sierra Nevada. II. Coast Range. III. Mt. Whitney (14,898 ft.) IV. Mt. Shasta 
(14,442 ft.) 



Map of California and Nevada. — (Draw | size). 


NEVADA. 


107 


RIVERS. 

1. Sacramento. 2. San Joaquin (salin ho-ah-keen'). 3. Colorado. 

CITIES. 

a. San Francisco. I). Oakland, c. Sacramento.* d. Los Angeles (los iln'-hel-i's). e. 
Stockton. /. San Jose (ho-say')- 

I. California is noted for its great mineral wealth, great agricultural wealth, mild cli- 
mate, high mountains and beautiful scenery. 

II. California stands first in the production of gold, quicksiker, wine, wool and barley. 
There are but two seasons in California, the wet season and the dry season. 

III. San Francisco, the chief city on the Pacific Coast, has a very fine harbor. 

Note.— Point out position and describe Yosemite Valley, Death Valley. 


NEVADA. 

Continue northern boundary of Cal. 1^ + m., eastern boundary 2 ^ m., com- 
plete with Colorado river. California and Nevada draw in book one-half size. 
Test pupils’ understanding of scale by having them do this first on trial paper. 
See map. 


I. Humboldt. 

1. Colorado. 2. Humboldt. 


MOUNTAINS. 


RIVERS. 


LAKES. 


1. Humboldt. 2. Pyramid. 

CITIES. 

a. Virginia City. b. Carson City.* 

I. Nevada has a dry climate, is elevated and mountainous and rich in gold and silver. 
II. The silver mines are the most profitable in the world. 



Note. — Pupils who have completed the study of Descrip' ive Geography by this method 
are found to be so well prepared to take up the subject of Physical Geography as presented in 
the text-books that a careful study of the following pages will add all that is necessary to do 
so with intelligence. Should pupils wish to take a teachers’ or Regents’ examination, all the 
matter for. either will have been presented. 

DEFINITIONS. 

We have learned that the planet on which we live is called the earth. The 
sun with the earth and all the other bodies which revolve around it with their 
Satellites form the Solar System. 

The planets revolving around the sun are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, 
which are comparatively small, and Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, which 
are of great size. Jupiter is not less than 1391) times the size of the earth, but 
is much less dense. The smface of the earth contains nearly 200,000,000 square 
miles. The planets all taken together equal but a small part of the mass of the 
sun The path which a planet takes in revolving around the sun is called 

its orbit. The planets rotate from west to east and revolve around the sun in 
the same direction in elliptical orbits. The line on which a planet rotates is 
called its axis. 

The points where the axis of the earth cuts the surface are called poles, the 
northern point being the north pole and the southern point being the south pole. 

Circles* dividing the earth into two equal parts are called great circles, and 
all others, small circles. The equator is a great circle perpendicular to its axis 
and all circles parallel to it are small circles and are called parallels. Great cir- 
cles passing through the poles and perpendicular to the equator are called merid- 

* Consider a circle to be a plane and its bounding line a circumference. Every section of a sphere made 
by a plane is a circle. 

Every circle is divided into 360 equal parts called degrees, marked ". The degree is divided into CO 
equal parts called minutes, marked '. The minute is divided into 60 equal parts called seconds, marked 



DEFINITIONS. 


109 


ian circles. The semi-circumference of a meridian circle extending from pole to pole 
is called a meridian. 

Distance north or south of the equator measured on the meridians is called 
latitude. A place may have 90® north latitude or 90® south latitude. The 
length of a degree of latitude is one three-hundred-sixtieth part of the circum- 
ference of the earth, or 69^ miles. Distance east or west from a given meridian 
measured on the equator is called longitude. The prime or first meridian from 
which longitude is usually reckoned is that of the National Observatory at Green- 
wich, near London. A place may have 180® of longitude. Longitude must 
cease at the poles where all the meridians meet. 

Note. — L ook out and fix in mind the latitude and longitude of a number of important 
places. 

. The sphericaP form of the earth is slightly modified by a flattening at the 
poles. The polar diameter is 7,898 miles, the equatorial, 7,926 miles. The cir- 
cumference is nearly 25,000 miles ; the square miles equal 197 million, and the 
distance from the sun is 93 million the greatest distance, and 90 million the shortest 
distance. The sun is the great centre of light and heat. As but one-half of the 
earth can be lighted by the sun at the same time, the rotation of the earth on its 
axis, one complete revolution in twenty-four hours, causes the succession of day 
and night. The time of one revolution around the sun in 3651 days is called a 
year. Thus we see the earth has an annual and a daily motion. 

The axes of the planets, so far as known, are inclined toward its planes of 
their orbits. The axis of the earth is inclined 23^® toward the plane of the orbit. 

*Proofs that the earth is round: The surface of the earth rises up between any two distant points upon it. 

The tops of ships are seen first when coming toward you — and last seen when sailing from you. Sail- 
ors see tops of mountains first when approaching the land. 

The shadow of the earth seen upon the moon in time of eclipse is always circular. 

The horizon (the circle where the earth and sky appear to meet) in all parts of the earth appears to be 
a perfect circle. 



110 teachers’ manual of map drawing. 


This inclination of the earth’s axis together with its revolution around the 
sun and the parallelism of its axis to itself causes the change of seasons. 

Note. — A simple device may be used in explanation of change of season. Cut a piece 
of printer’s paper large enough to fit over half of a small globe, wet the paper and neatly fit 
it to the globe, let it^y and a movable hemisphere to represent the light from the sun will 
be formed. Mark the middle, a semicircle, to indicate the part receiving the direct rays 
from the sun. With a convenient fixed point to represent the sun, hold the sphere and paper 
properly to represent the position of the earth at each season of the year. When the paper 
goes over the north pole 23^® it will lack 23|® of reaching the south pole, and the position 
of direct rays will have moved up 234®. All the definitions relating to change of scfison can 
be clearly illustrated with a globe and a hollow paper hemisphere. 

The smallest circles upon which the sun’s rays are ever vertical are called 
tropics. The tropic 234^ north of the e(|uator is called the tropic of Cancer; the 
the tTO[)ic 23i^ south of tho equator, the tiopic of Capi’icorn. 

The largest parallels ever wholly illuminated atone time are called the polar 
circles. The polar circle 23.V® from the north pole is called the Arctic circle; 
the polar circle 23.4® froni fhe south pole, the Antarctic circle. 

The sun’s rays are vertical at the equator at the vernal equinox, the 20th of 
March, and also at the autumnal equinox, the 22d of September. The sun’s rays 
are vertical at the tropic of Cancer at the summer solstice, the 21st of June, and 
at the tropic of Capricorn at the winter solstice, the 21st of December. 

Parts of the earth’s surface bounded by the tropics and polar circles are 
called zones. The zone bounded on the north by the Arctic circle and on the 
south by the tropic of Cancer is called the north temperate zone. The zone 
bounded on the south by the Antarctic circle and on the north by the tropic of 
Capricorn is called the south temperate zone. The zone included within the 



RACES OF MANKIND. Ill 


tropics is called the torrid zone. The zone included within the Arctic circle is 
call-ed the north frigid zone. The zone included in the Antarctic circle is called 
the south frigid zone. (The seasons, spring summer, autumn and winter are 
found only in the temperate zones.) The extremes of temperature are found be- 
tween the equator and the poles, but the climate of a place is not determined 
wholly by its position in regard to the equator and the poles, but also by its alti- 
tude, the prevailing winds, ocean currents, the modifying influence of large bodies 
of water, of extensive land masses, of mountain ranges — influences to be more 
fully studied in Physical Geography. 

Note — Points about the physical conditions of a country are of special interest 
and are easily grasped by the pupils. In talking about climate should a term, as condensa- 
tion, evaporation, not be understood, give a lesson on the term with simple illustrations. 
Before learning this part of the work let every possible test question be brought up in class. 
Let the map of the world be studied until many points crossed by the equator, tropics or 
polar circles have been looked out, and the zones in which every important division of land 
or water is found, have been given, that is if pupils are preparing for the usual examinations 
on this subject. 

RACES OF MANKIND. 

Man, as the effect of certain surroundings, through many generations, has 
developed characteristics so clearly marked that a division of the human family 
into five races is usually made. The race embracing the nations most advanced 
in civilization, and distinguished by fair complexions (in hot regions, dark), full 
foreheads, soft hair, heavy beard, is called the Caucasian race, and numbers about 
600 million. The race of, which the Chinese and Japanese are a type, having 
yellowish co'mplexions, high cheek bones, eyes narrow and obliquely set, hair 
coarse, black, and straight is called the Mongolian race (589 million). The race 
distinguished by skin nearly black, retreating forehead, flat nose, thick lips. 



112 teachers’, manual of map drawing. 

j 

i 

wooly hair, and thin beard is called the Ethiopian, or Negro, race ( million). 

A brown skin, narrow head, low forehead, abundant black, curly hair and beard 
are characteristics of the Malay race (55 million). The native tribes of North 
and South America, except on the Arctic coast, have copper-colored coa)plexions, 
broad faces, low foreheads, and hair straight, black and coarse, and belong to the 
American race (11 million). 

GOVERNMENT. 

I 

The system according to which a country is ruled is called its government. 
When the highest power is in the hands of one perron, a monarch for life, the gov- j 
ernraent is called a monarchy. When the power of a monarch is limited by a 
constitution or laws^ the government is said to be a limited, or constitutional, 
monarchy ; when unlimited, the government is an absolute monarchy, or despot- 
ism. When a monarch inherits the throne the monarchy is said to be hereditary; | 

when the monarch is elected by some body of electors the government is called i 

an elective monarchy. Kingdom and empire are names given to monarchies ruled 
by a king or queen, or by an emperor or empress. 

In a country where the laws are made and executed by men elected by the 
people the form of govemment is republican. When states are united under one 
general government, but are independent in the management of their local affairs 
they form a federal republic. The government of the United States is a federal 
republic.* The States are divided into counties and the counties into townships. 

* Government of the United States. 

The three departments. 

I. Legislative, or law making. , 

1. House of representatives. 

Elected according to population. Term two year«<. 

2. Senate. | 

Two senators from each State. Term six years. 



GEOGRAPHY. 


113 


A collection of houses and inhabitants forms a village or town. An incorporated 
town, that is one having by law certain pri^dleges, is called a city. The city of 
a State or county in which the laws are made and in which the chief officers re- 
side is called the capital. The city containing the greatest number of inhabi- 
tants is called the metropolis. 

G-EOQRAPHY. 

One branch of study in which we learn about the earth is called Geography.* 
That division of geography in which a description of the surface of the earth, 
the position, extent and divisions of land and water, and the nature of the climate 
and productions of the various parts of the earth are studied is called Descriptive 
Geography. That division. of geography in wliich the laws that govern, and the 
relation, causes and consequences of the phenomena noted in Descriptive Geog- 
raphy are investigated, is called Physical Geography. Description of divisions 
formed for the purposes of government belongs to Civil, or Political, Geography. 
The form and size of the earth, its motions and their effects, the method of de- 
termining the position of places on its surface, and the manner in which maps are 
projected are considered in Mathematical Geography. Except the projection of 
maps, which belongs to much more advanced work, we have considered points 
under all the divisions of Geography. 

II. Executive, or law executing. 

President and Vice-President. Term four years. 

III. Judicial, or law interpreting and applying. 

1. Supreme Court. 

Chief Justice and eight Associate Judges. 

2. Circuit Court. 

3. District Court. 

The judges both of the Supreme and inferior Courts shall hold their office during 
good behavior. — Constitution. 

* Geography is a description of the earth. The underlying thought in teaching the subject should be 
that the earth is the home of man. 



114 teachers’ manual of map drawing. 


REVIEW OF THE CONTINENTS. 

Note. — In reviewing the continents, the matter in fine print is taken up, the pupil now 
being ready intelligently to learn points about government, latitude and longitude. To aid 
in fixing relative positions of continents, from map of the world note such points as are here 
given. 

I. The extreme northern portions of Europe and North America lie within 
the nortli irigid zone. 

Asia extends to within 121® of the north pole. 

The most southern part of Europe is 36® north latitude. 

The tropic of Cancer crosses the mouth of the Ganges, just south of Per- 
sian Gulf, Red Sea, Desert of Sahara, just north of Lsland of Cuba, southern 
extremity of Lower California, and north of Sandwich Islands. 

The equator cn'sses the islands of Celebes, Borneo, and Sumatra, Lake Vic- 
toria Nyanza, Lake Mutanzige, the mouth of the Amazon, and the city of Quito. 

The tropic of Capricorn crosses Australia, near the central part, Madagas- 
car, southern part. South African Republic, and south of Cape Frio, South 
America. 

South America extends further south than Africa or Australia — to 54® south 
latitude. 

The centre of the Eastern Hemisphere (from 20® west longitude to 160® 
east longitude) is 70® east longitude, 0® latitude. 

The centre of the Western Hemisphere is 110® west longitude, 0® latitude. 

II. Location of a few points in the United States in regard to Latitude and 
Longitude. 

The northern boundary of the United States (Minnesota, etc.) is 49® n. lat. 



REVIEW. 115 


The latitude of the most southern point (Florida) is 25^ north latitude. 

The main body of Alaska lies between 60*^ and 70® north latitude, and 141® 
and 165® west longitude. 

The United States lie between 66® 50' west longitude and 125® west 
longitude. 

The latitude of the northern boundary of New York, Vermont, and Wyoming 
is 45® north latitude. The 35th parallel forms the southern boundary of Ten- 
nessee. 


The latitude and longitude of important Latitude and longitude of a few European 



cities : 



cities : 



Latitude. 

Longitude. 


Latitude. 

Longitude. 

Boston, 

42° 

71° 

London, 

51°-30' 

0°- 5'-38" E. 

New York, 

D 

O 

74° 

Paris, 

48 -50 

2 -20' 

Philadelphia, 

39°-57' 

75° 

Berlin, 

52 -45 

13 -24' 

Washington, 

38°-53' 

77° 

St. Petersburg, 

59 -56 

30 -19' 

Chicago, 

41°-50' 

87° 




St. Louis, 

38°-37' 

90° 




Denver, 

40° 

105° 




San Francisco, 

37°-46' 

122° 





Cities on or near the forty-fifth parallel, north latitude, are : Bangor, St. 
Paul, Salem (Oregon). The fortieth : Philadelphia, Wheeling (West Virginia), 
Columbus, Springfield, Denver. The thirty-fifth : Memphis, Chattanooga. The 
thirtieth: Jacksonville, Tallahassee, New Orleans, Austin. 

Turin, Italy, is in nearly the same latitude as Bangor and St. Paul ; Madrid, 
Spain, as Philadelphia and Denver ; Cairo, Egypt, as New Orleans. 

The longitude of Cape Blanco, South America, is 81® west, that of Cape 
Sable, Florida, is 81® 15' west. 





IMPOETANT RAILROADS. 


117 


The 10th meridian west from Greenwich passes east of Iceland, through 
western Ireland, passes westward of Spain and crosses Africa just west of Cape 
Palmas. 

Note. — Pupils trace other meridians. 

UNITED STATES AND CANADA-Important Lines of 

Railroad Travel. 

Note. — A simple method of presenting this subject is first to trace the Pacific Trunk 
Lines, and from the termini of these lines to trace to important eastern cities. The view 
below is to aid in this. Sonora, Mexican Central, and International and Northern are lihes 
which extend into Mexico. 

I. Canadian Pacific. 

Montreal to Vancouvers. 

II. Northern Pacific. 

St. Paul and Duluth to Portland, Oregon, and points on Puget Sound. 

III. Central Pacific. 

1. Denver and Rio Grande. 

Ogden to Denver. 

IV. Union Pacific. 

1. Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific. 

1. Michigan Central. 

1. Grand Trunk. 

Detroit to Portland, Maine. 

2. Lake Shore and Michigan Southern. 

1. New York Central and Hudson River. 

1. Boston and Albany. 

2. New York and West Shore. 

3. New York, Lake Erie and Western. 

3. Pittsburgh, Ft. Wayne and Chicago. 



118 teachers’ manual of map drawing. 


1. Pennsylvania. 

To Philadelphia and New York. 

2. Kansas Pacific. 

1. Wabash. 

2. Branch to St. Louis. 

1. St. Louis, Vandalia and Indianapolis. 

2. Ohio and Mississippi, 

1. Pittsburgh, Cincinnati and St. Louis, “ Pan Handle 
Route.” 

, 2. Cincinnati, Washington and Baltimore, continued in 

the Baltimore and Ohio. 

V. Southern Pacific. 

1. Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe. 

2. Texas Pacific. 

1. St. Louis, Iron Mt. and Southern, with a 

2. Branch to Memphis. 

1. Virginia, Tennessee and Georgia. “ Air Line ” 

To Washington, branch to Richmond. 

2. Louisville and Nashville. 

3. Galveston, Harrisburg, and San Antonio. 

1. Richmond and Danville Route. 

New Orleans, Mobile, Washington. 

THE OCEAN TRADE OF THE UNITED STATES. 

(Leading Facts.) 

Note. — First trace on map water-ways of the interior — the Great River Systems and the 
lesser rivers which aid in bringing produce to the coast. Review the productions of different 
sections of country. 

The chief ports of the Atlantic Coast are : Boston, having lines to Europe, ex- 
porting produce and importing manufactures. New York, having besides an ex- 



LOCAL STANDAKD TIME. 


119 


tensive European trade, lines to Rio Janeiro, to Para, touching at the island 
of St. Thomas, to Cuba, to San Francisco by way of Panama, touching at Haiti, 
and to the Cape of Good Hope. Philadelphia’s chief commerce is with Europe, 
while Savannah sends cotton for European manufacturing. New Orleans sends 
out cotton and provisions to Europe. San Francisco has lines to Japan and China, 
to Australia, to Panama, and to South America. 

Foreign Countries. — Among important lines of travel and commerce of foreign 
countries are those of Great Britain, which has a greater maritime commerce than 
any other nation. The line from Liverpool to Aspinwall is 4,000 miles. Other 
lines of the Atlantic are to Rio Janeiro, Para, St. Helena, Cape of Good Hope and 
to Melbourne (by sail sometimes 95 days.) Lines from Australia, Hongkong, 
Singapore, Madras (touching at Columbia, Ceylon) and Bombay are continued 
from Aden through the Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea. A line of fast steamers 
connects Vancouvers^ British Columbia, with China and Japan, and Yancouvers 
with Australia. Lines connect Valparaiso and Buenos Ayres, passing between 
Terra del Fuego and the main land. 

FOREIGN TRADE OF THE UNITED STATES. 

In trade with the United States foreign countries rank thus : Great Britain 
and Ireland, France, German Empire, Cuba and Porto Rico, Dominion of Canada. 
Lines connect the chief ports of these countries with the ports of the United States. 

In the value of its exports, the United States ranks fourth ; The chief exports 
are cotton, bread stuffs, provisions, petroleum, gold and tobacco. 

LOCAL STANDARD TIME, 

Note. — First review the pupils on longitude and time. Eepresent belts on outline map 
of the United States or point out on wall maps. 

The inclination of the axis of the earth and its elliptical orbit causes a vari- 





120 teachers’ manual of map drawing. 


ation in the length of the solar day — the solar day being the time intervening be- 
ween two successive crossings of the meridian by the sun’s centre — 

The instant at which the sun’s centre crosses the meridian of a place is true noon at that 
place. 

thus a perfectly regulated clock would not show the length of day indicated by 
the sun but the average length of all the solar days of the year. The clock 
would keep mean time, and would show at a given place local time. For about 
a century, and until recently local time has been in general use. 

THE RAILROAD, OR HOUR BELT, SYSTEM. 

After the introduction of many and long railroads, dangers and difficulties 
resulted from the use of local time. The time tables, showing the local time of 
some important place on the respective roads — the time shown by the watch of 
each employee being the local time of this place — led to great confusion of times 
at the common terminius of long roads. 

In 1883 a modification of local standard time was adopted by the railroads 
• of the United States and Canada. The meridians 75®, 90®, 105® and 120® west 
from Greenwich are selected Standard Meridians^ the local time on any one dif- 
fering just one hour from that of the next one. Whatever the difference of time 
in hours is indicated by watches running on the time of any of these meridians 
the minute hands will indicate the same figure. 

The standard meridians are each the middle line of an hoiir belt 15® wide 
extending 7 A® east and 7^® west of each meridian. 

The local time on any standard meridian at a given instant is taken to be 
the time at every place in the belt through which tne meridian passes, and all 
such places are within the same time belt. 

The time shown in the belt of the 75th meridian is known as Eastern Time; 
that in the 90th meridian, as Central Time; that in the 105th meridian, as Moun- 



FOREIGN POSSESSIONS. 


121 


tain Time ; that in the 120th, as Pacific Time. The time of the belt of the 60th 
meridian may be adopted later as Inter-Colonial Time. 

The hour-belt system has been largely adopted. New York, Philadelphia, 
and St. Louis lie near standard meridians and but little change from local time 
was required in this adoption. Long rail-roads have been unable to follow this 
system and preserve the correct bounds of the belts. This irregularity^ and 
the variation from local time required in some places, has prevented a complete 
adoption of the hour-belt system. 

Approximately, the places included between the longitude of Grand Lake, 
Maine, and of St. Clair River are in the belt of the 75th meridian ; those included 
between that of the St. Clair River and of Yankton, Dakota (nearly), are in the 
same belt as the 90th meridian ; those included between that of a point east of 
Yankton and a point east of the centre of Great Salt Lake, are in the 105th 
meridian; those west of the point last named are in the belt of the 120th 
meridian. 

A ship’s chronometer shows Greenwich time that the longitude may be known to the 
navigator. The mean solar day that begins at noon on the first meridian is called Naviga- 
tors’ or'Astronomical Day. 

The day dated in the calendar is the local civil day. A line in the Pacific Ocean from 
pole to pole curving eastward of the most eastern part of Asia, curving westward until it has 
passed by the Philippine Islands, curving eiastward from New Guinea and New Zealand, 
is where the change of date is first made. This line is called the International Date Line. 
It has been proposed to extend a twenty-four hour belt line around the globe by introducing 
a Universal Civil Day beginning at mean noon Greenwich. 


FOREIGN POSSESSIONS. 


Great Britain : Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, part of New Guinea, 
Dominion of Canada, New Foundland, Balize (British .Honduras), Jamaica 



122 TEACHERS* MANUAL OF MAP DRAWING. 


Trinidad, Barbadoes, Baliama Islands, Bermuda Islands, British Guiana, Falkland 
Islands, Hindostan, Burmah, Ceylon, Hongkong, Aden, Singapore, Cape Colony, 
Sierra Leone, Gold Coast, Natal, St. Helena, Ascension Mauiitius Island, Gibral- 
tar, Malta. 

France : Algeria, French Guiana, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Marquesas 
Islands, New Caledonia, Corsica. 

Denmark : Greenland and Iceland. 

The Netherlands: Java, parts of Sumatra, Borne(*, Celebes, and New Zea- 
land, Dutch Guiana, Curacoa, St. Eustatius. 

Si>AiN : Balearic Islands, Cuba, Porto Rico, Pinf)8, Philippine, Ladrone and 
Caroline Islands, Canary Islands, Fernando Po, Annobon (off coast of Guinea), 
Ceuta (Africa). 

Portugal: Madeira Islands, Azores and Cape Verd Islands, 



NEW YORK STATE. 


(N. Latitude from 40°-30'-40" to 45° ; W. Lougitude from to 79°-56'). 

Note. — From this added material the teacher giving New York State before the Conti- 
nents, may select. A map with counties according to population (see map), with all the 
cities is given to be used in any way the teacher may prefer. Note the order of giving a 
State — counties being given with their cities in place of heading “ cities.” Pupils form all 
possible statements about the matter as it is presented and teacher has copied in note-books 
a judicious selection from such statements. Pupils completing with review of New YTrk 
learn all the matter. Dictate the maps as given in first of book, only enlarge— first measnre- 
.nient being f m., second, 1. m. etc. — that State may be on the scale of 100 miles represented 
by 3 inches. The southern part will be better understood if a lesson on New Y^ork City 
and vicinity, teacher drawing and explaining from enlarged map on the board, be given first. 

MATTER TO BE LOCATED ON MAP. 

" Bay AND Sound. 

New York Bay. Loug Island Sound. 

Islands. 

1. Long Island. 2. Staten Island. 3. Grand Island. 

The city of New York is on Manhattan Island. 

MoifNTAINS. 

I. Adirondack. — I. .Mt. Marcy, (5,379 feet,. Essex County), 2. Mt. McIntyre, 
3. Mt. Whiteface, 4. Mt. Dix. II. Catskill. — 1. Mt. Slide (4,000 feet). Ill 
Shawangunk. ’ IV. Highlands (of Orange and Putnam Counties). 

Rivers. 

I. Boundaries Rivers (281 Miles), — 1. St. Lawrence, 2. Niagara (Niagara 
Falls, American Fall, 164 ft.. Horse Shoe Fall^ 150), 3. Delaware, 4. Hudson, 5. 



124 teachers’ manual of map drawing. 


Kill von Kull (North of Staten Island); 6. Poultney. II. Within the State. — 
7. Genesee, 8. Oswego, 9, Mohawk, 10. Black, 11. Oswegatchie, 12. Grass, 13. 
Racket or Raquette. III. Rising in or flowing into the State. — 14. Susquehanna 
15.^Cheinung, 16. Allegheny, 17. Chenango. 

Lakes (352 miles boundary). 

1. Ontario (240 feet above sea level. Greatest depth, 738 feet). 2. Erie 
(573 feet above sea level. Greatest depth, 210 feet). 3. Champlain. 4. George. 
5. Long. 6. Oneida. 7. Otsego. 8. Skaneateles. 9. Owasco. 10. C.ayuga. 
11. Seneca. 12. Canandaigua. 13. Chautauqua. 

Of the Great Lakes, Lake Erie has the least, and I.Ake Superior the greatest depth 
(1,008 feet). 

The traffic of lakes and rivers is aided by 750 miles of canal, the most important being 
Erie canal, connecting Lake Erie and Hudson river. Eight other canals are within the 
State. New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio are leading States in this regard. 

1. Black River Canal. 2. Cayuga and Seneca. 3. Champlain and Hudson. 
4. Chemung (connects Watkins and Elmira). 5. Genesee Valley. 6. Oswego 
(connects Syracuse and Oswego). 7. Oneida River Improvement (connects 
Oswego canal and Oneida lake). 8. Delaware and Hudson (connects Eddyville 
with Honesdale, Pa.) 

ADDITIONAL STATEMENTS. 

1. New Y^ork, the Empire State, contains 49,170 square miles, and has over 
6 million inhabitants. 

2. Its extreme breadth from north to south is 312 miles; length from east to 
west is 320 miles; Long Island is 115 miles in length. 

3. The chief agricultural products of New York are Indian com, wheat, rye, 
oats, barley, buckwheat and potatoes. Some tobacco is rai.sed ; regions around 
the centml lakes and Lake Erie produce fine grapes. 



NEW YOEK STATE. 


125 



Slim 


pM 






mNN'ii 


Note. — Since the census of 1890, two cities have been added. The cities and villages in their rank under the State census 
of 1892 will he found on page 129. 



126 TEACIIEUS’ MANUAL OF MAP DRAWING. 


The chief maniifactnreH are agricultural implements, boots and shoes, bakery 
products, carpets, wagons and carriages, which, with others, amount in value to 
about one fifth of the manufactures of the whole United States. 

4, The mineral products include iron, lead, limestone, flagstone and brick- 
clay. The salt springs of Onondaga county are extensive. The celebrated 
mineral springs are at Saratoga. Richfield, Ballstun, Avon and Clifton. 

6. Over 7,675 miles of railway within the State open all parts to the centres 
of commerce. 

The chief roads are : 

New Yorh Central and Hudson River. New York to Albany. Albany to 

« 

Buffalo ; 

New York, Lake Erie and Western, Jersey Cify to Buffalo, branch from 
Ilornellsville to Dunkirk ; 

Boston and Albany; 

Lake Shore and Michiyan Southei'n, Buffalo and Chicago; 

New York, New Haven and Hartford, New York and Springfield, Mass.; 

West Shore, Buffalo and Weehawken, N. J. 

All the roads and their branches number about forty. 

6. New York City besides and extensive coast trade carries on more than 
half the foreign commerce of the United States ; this is owing to its fine harbor 
and to its situation, as the port best adapted to receive the produce brought through 
the Great Lakes. These natural advantages have made it the tenninus of rail- 
ways from the eastern, middle and western states. 

7. Government.— In congress New York is entitled to two senators and thirty- 
four representatives, and to thirty-six votes in the electoral college. 



NEW YORK STATE. 


127 



state Normal Schools are established at Albany, Oswego, Brockport, Buffalo, Cortland, Potsdam, Geneseo, Fredonia, New 
Paltz, Oneonta, Plattsburgh. 



TEACIIEUS’ MANUAL OF MAP DRAWING. 


8. The executive department of the State government consintp of the Cover- 
noi-, Lieutenant-Governor, term, three years ; and the Secretary of State, Treas- 
urer, Comptroller, and Attorney-General, terms, two years. 

The legislative department consists of a Senate, thirty-two members, term, two years ; 
An Assembly, one hundred twenty-eight members, term, one year. 

Ihe judicial department consists of a Court of Appeals, composed of a justice and 
six associate judges, chosen for terms of fourteen years. 

7. French explorers first entered the territory of the present State of New 
York in July, 1609. Lake Champlain was discovered by them and named for 
their leader, Samuel Champlain. The Dutch entered the State the same year 
exploring the Hudson river, which they named after their captain. 

A settlement was made on Manhattan Island in 1014, and one near the 
present city of Albany in 1614. The territory from the Connecticut to the Del- 
aware was called New Netherlands. In 1064 the territory came into possession of 
the English. The region between the two points first explored was the scene of 
many operations during the French and Indian War (1754-1763), in which the 
French and English contested for the control of North America, and also during 
the K evolutionary War. 

Note.— Teachers read to younger pupils from “story histories,” about : Ethan Allen, 
Arnold’s Treason, Robert Fulton, Perry’s Victory on Lake Erie, The Six Nations. The rem- 
nant of the tribes of Indians who once occupied the territory are on eight small Reservations 
and the Indians number about forty-nine hundred. 





CITIES 


1^1. New York, 

(7 2. BrooklyiL 
Q 8. Buffalo. 

\ 4. Rochester.' 
g 6. Albany. 

% 6. Syracuse. 

K 7. Troy. 
f/ 8. Utica. 

• 9. 1. 1. City. 

10. Binghamton. 

11 . Yonkers. 

12. Elmira. 

18. Auburn. 

14. Newkurgb. 

15. Cohoes. 

16 . Poughkeepele 

17. Schenectady. 

18. Oswego. 

19. Kingston. 

) 20. Jamestown. 
\21. Amsterdam. 
1 ^. Watertown. 
,123. Lockport. 

}\24. OIoTersvllle. 
|25. Ml. Vernon. 

1 26. Ithaca. 

1 27. Rome. 

1 28. Ogdensburgb. 
! 29. Hornellsville. 

I 80. Niagara Falls 
! 31. Middletown. 

( 32. Dunkirk. 


STATE OF new YORK 


Numbered In the order of their population under the 

STAXE CENSUS OE 189ii. 

Note.— Mt. Vernon and Niagara Falls having received city charters 
since this Census was taken, the population here given Is that gjswg tjii-** bv 
Mayor Jared Sandford.and Principal N. L. Benham, 


Since this map was made, Mt. Vernon and Niagara Falls have become cities, the latter including Suspension Bridge. 


TUB ^XXjXj-A-O-BS 

—OF THE— 


STATE OF new YORK, 


haviag more than 4,000 population, numbered In the order of 
their rank under the 

CENSUS OF 1890. 


Note.— O wego, and possibly one or two other villages of 
4,000 or more are omitted be<^use no'^parate returns 
were made In Ute enumeration. 


8YRACT78S, N. Y. 

C. W. Babdsen, 

Publisher. . 




ILLAOES. 

New Brlg’ton 
Edgewater. 
(Stapleton.) 

3. West Troy. 

4. Saratoga Spr. 

8. Lansingburg. 

7. Peekskill. 

8. Glens Falls. 

9. Sing Sing. 

10. PortJe^s. 

11. Little FalU. 

12. Cortland. 

13. Flushing. 

14. New Rochelle 

15. Johnstown. 

16. Geneva. 

17. Glean. 

18. Qreenbush. 
Batavia. 
Tonawanda. 

1. Hoosick Falls 
Plattsburg. . 
Port Ricbm’d. 
j24. Oneonta. 

|26. College Point 
126 . Seneca Falls. 
•27. Oneida. 
-.„.j28. Canandaigua 

Iso. JamaFca. 

« I-Aai. Pnrt. 

/82. Norwich. 

/ 83. Haverstraw. 
84. Malone. 

35. Catskill. 

/ 36. Hempstead. 

87. N.Ton’wanda 
. 88. Albion. 

/ 89. Medina. 

/ 40. Lyons. 

41. Green Island. 
42. Whitehall. 


44. Waterloo. 

45. Matteawan. 
48. Penn Yan. 

47 Saugerties. 

48. Fulton. 

49. W'averly. 

50. Nyack. 

51. Illon. 

52. White Plains, 




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^TllK SfJHOOh nULLKTIX PC BLICATIOXS. 


Helps in Teacliing Geography. 



topics and questions cnipliaKize a necessity f<jr thorou^di knowledge of com- 
mercial relation exiiorts, imports, routes of travel, e.xpc.nse of trai.sporta- 
tion: in fact, the cards deal with the Essentials of OeoKraphy, omittlnfr that 
which is of Utth^ or no importance. The topics are guggenHre rather than 
exhamtire. A set of thfxe Cardu wUl narf. the tencher mnny needltHS hmrs 

of sti/ui; and reeef .jrh, by preserving clavsified memoruiMa in coinjmtform. 

S. Geographiciil Oatne, “Our Country ’’ for Home and School. 100 
cards, 2J4 x % incK"s. .'jt' cts. 

The pupils' interest in tire study of freography may be doublerl by the 
ii.se of this game. 

o. Outline Topic Cards in Geography. Per package >f 12 cards, .’>14 x o 
inches, 15 cts. 

The twelve card* are all alike. On one side^ of the card are the topic.s 
for a Continent, on the reverse the topics for t State. Teachers wi’l find 
them’ of great a.ssLstance. 

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It is the most complete and helpful guide in teacliing the subject that 
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C. Oral I/istruction in Geogrojihy. J'-y E'JmaL. Pabdox. T.rper, ICmo, 
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Tire last t’oree are prt pared for local rise m tire State of New 1 ork and 
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' IS. A Globe Manual for Schools. By :• i.Avirs J. CrniXET. P/.per. ICmo, 
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1' Latitude, iMigitude, and lii? By .7 A. B. rTT. - Manilla, iCt.jo 


pp. 



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/ 




Descriptive geography taught by means of map drawing 
Wilkins, E. [from old catalogl 
The Library of Congress 

[2] descriptivegeogrOOwilk 

00292268919 
Apr 04, 2016 




